Supply Chain Comparison between Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture Dissertation

Supply Chain Comparison between Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture Programmes in Developed and Developing Countries - Dissertation Example Research Method: This study conducted a secondary research study to explore the existing studies and articles behind the practice of urban farming in developed and developing countries. Research Findings: Access to market strategies used by urban and peri-urban farmers in developed and developing countries are different in the sense that urban farmers are using direct selling approach whereas the peri-urban farmers are using intermediaries. Applicable to both urban and peri-urban farmers in developed and developing countries, farmers are required by the law to practice and observe food packaging to prolong the life span of agricultural products. For food safety issues, farmers are required by the law to practice food labelling. Conclusion: Even though the law in US and India requires the farmers to practice and observe food packaging and labelling, not all urban and peri-urban farmers are following this requirement. Recommendations: (1) Incorporate food labelling in the supply chain system of urban farming; (2) Keep the supply chain system of urban farming as short as possible. ... 9 2. Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 10 2.1 Supply Chain of Urban and Peri-Urban Agricultural Product †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 10 2.3 Urban and Peri-Urban Farmings’ Access to the Market †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 2.4 Three (3) Cases †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 2.4.1 Mumbai, India †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 2.4.2 New York City †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 2.4.3 Pomona Valley, California †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 16 3. Research Methodology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 3.1 Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 3.2 Three (3) Cases †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 3.3 Research Analysis and Discussion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 3.4 Research Ethics †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 4. Research Findings and Analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 4.1 Different Ways for the Urban Farmers to Access the Market †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 23 4.2 Comparison between the Urban and Peri-Urban Agricultural Practices in Developed and Developing Countries .†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......... 26 5. Conclusion and Recommendations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 31 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 32 to 38 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background More people are living

Martins Luther King Jr. Strugle for Racial Segregation and Civil Rights Essay Example for Free

Martins Luther King Jr. Strugle for Racial Segregation and Civil Rights Essay Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most important figures within the fields of politics and non-violent activism of the 20th century. King was born on 15th of January 1929 in the city of Atlanta within the boundaries of the state of Georgia. Originally Martin Luther King Jr. as named after his father as Michael King, although his father who was also named after Michael King after visiting the Nazi Germany in order to attend the Fifth Baptist World Alliance Congress in Berlin he found himself been inspired by a German reformer called Martin Luther, so he decided to change both his name and his son’s name into Martin Luther King and Martin Luther King Jr. respectively. King was the middle child of the family having a younger brother Alfred Daniel Williams King and an older sister Willie Christine King. As a reference to his education he attended Booker T. Washington High school, also it is stated that he was a precocious student as he skipped two grades the ninth and the twelfth and entered Morehouse College at the early age of fifteen. He graduated College in 1948 and enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester which he graduated with a B. Div. degree in 1951. Meanwhile in 1953 he married Correta Scott and eventually became a father of four children Yolanda King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott King, and Bernice King. Thereupon he became a pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery in 1954; he began his doctoral degree course in Systematic Theology at Boston University and graduated receiving his Ph. D. degree in 1955 with a dissertation on A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman. Although an academic observation which was held in 1991 concluded that parts of his dissertation were plagiarized but the committee decided that his degree shouldn’t be revoked. As a remark Martin Luther King Jr. was strongly influenced by religion (as it was natural, as been a Christian Minister since 1947) more specifically he was influenced by Jesus Christ and the Christian Gospels from which he frequently used quotes in his public speeches, he was also inspired from Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent activist action. In April of 1959 he made a desired for him as it was stated trip to India with the assistance of the American Friends Service Committee, it has to be mentioned that the trip affected King in a profound way and helped him deepen his knowledge and understanding in non-violent resistance and his commitment to the America’s struggle for civil rights, as he stated the last day of his trip to India in a local radio, King said: â€Å"Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of non-violent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity. The â€Å"Fight† Against Segregation It all started back in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Claudette Colvin an African- American girl which in fact was under aged unmarried pregnant girl refused to give up her seat to a white man. At that point King was a member of the Birmingham African-American community and also a member of the committee which looked into the case but it was decided that they should wait for a better case to pursue. Their patience yielded. On December 1, 1955 an other African-American girl called Rosa Sparks also refused to give up her seat, back on that date the buses rows were â€Å"separated†, white people should seat on the front rows and the African-American people should seat on the back rows of the busses seats, as natural at some point the two â€Å"different† categories of passengers would meet. At that point the bus’s seats were all occupied and according to Jim Crow laws the following African-American passengers that would board on the bus were required to stand. It was exactly what they were waiting for, and soon after Rosa was arrested the Montgomery Bus Boycott broke out, it lasted 385 days. The whole Boycott issue turned out as a huge victory, although during the campaign a bombing attack was made against King’s house and he was also arrested. As a result the United States District Court in Browder v. Gayle case ended the racial segregation in all Montgomery public busses. After the Montgomery Bus Boycott King’s contribution to the result transformed him into a national figure and he was also off the record declared the best-known spokesman of the civil-rights movement. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Soon after the Montgomery lowdown King, Ralph Abernathy, and other civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The group was created in order to saddle the moral authority and organizing power of black churches to conduct non-violent protests in the service of civil rights reform, King led the SCLC until his death. In 1962 SCLC joins Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in the Albany Movement which was stated to be the first major non-violent campaign of SCLC. The Albany movement was a desegregation movement which was formed by local activist organizations, the SNCC and the National Association for the Advanced of Colored People (NAACP). The movement’s leader was William G. Anderson. During the period of King’s involvement with the Albany movement he was arrested twice, once in a mass arrest on 15th December of 1961 and in July of 1962. Although it has to be mentioned that King had been criticized by SNCC, they’ve even given him a snide nickname â€Å"De Lawd†, because as they claimed he maintained a safe distance from challenges that had to deal with Jim Crow laws. Birmingham Campaign Soon after the incidents in Albany the Birmingham campaign came to light. Birmingham campaign was a movement organized by SCLC and led by Martin Luther King Jr. and others. In the spring of 1963 the operation of the Birmingham campaign was at its peak, including widely publicized controversies between black young people and white civic authorities and eventually led the municipal government to change the citys discrimination laws. A fact that can’t remain unnoticed as during the early 60s Birmingham was one of the most racially divided cities in the United States. Ultimately Birmingham movement was defined as a model of direct action protest, as it effectively shut down the city through a boycott and a series of sit-ins and marches, and drew the world’s attention to racial segregation in the South. Also it is stated that it paved the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Great March on Washington After the Birmingham campaign the SCLC called for massive protests in Washington DC to push for new civil rights legislation that would outlaw segregation nation-wide which turned to be an unparalleled success. The Great march on Washington claimed the title of one of the largest political rallies for human rights in the United State’s history, as the estimated number of participants varies from 200,000 to 300,000 and still remained non-violent, the 80% of the participants were estimated to be black and the rest were white and other non-black minorities. Also the city was swarmed by more than 2,000 buses, 21 special trains, 10 chartered aircrafts and uncountable personal vehicles. But the march was stigmatized by the King’s famous â€Å"I have a dream† speech. King began his speech with the emancipation of the slaves, issued by Abraham Lincoln and concludes that even though blacks were freed from slavery they still aren’t free. Then he raised the matter of the unkept promise of America to the Civil Rights Union for the continued pursuit of justice as racial segregation still existed. Finally he promotes black people to keep on fighting for their rights in non-violent ways as he believed that violence would lead to a cycle of fighting, unnecessary death and cruelty. The Poor People’s Campaign and the opposition to the Vietnam War In 1965 Martin Luther King Jr. egan to express his doubts about the Vietnam War in public. On 4th April 1967 he delivered a speech at the New York City Riverside Church titled â€Å"Beyond Vietnam: A time to break silence. † In which he expressed his objection to the role of the United States in the Vietnam War, mentioning that United States was in Vietnam â€Å"to occupy it as an American colony† and called the US government â€Å"the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today. † He also connected the Vietnam War with economic injustice based on the fact that the US government was spending more and more on the military and less and less on anti-poverty programs. He summed up this aspect by saying:† A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death. Almost a year later in 1968 King organized the â€Å"Poor Peoples Campaign† in order to raise the matter of economic injustice; King crossed the whole country in order to assemble a multiracial army of poor people in order to march on Washington DC and engage in a non-violent civil disobedience at the Capitol until Congress created an economic bill of rights for poor Americans. The campaign culminated in a march on Washington, D. C. , demanding economic aid to the poorest communities of the United States. The reconnaissance King was awarded at least fifty honorary degrees from colleges and universities. On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to racial prejudice in the U. S. In 1965, he was awarded the American Liberties Medallion by the American Jewish Committee for his exceptional advancement of the principles of human liberty. In his acceptance remarks, King said, Freedom is one thing. You have it all or you are not free. In 1957, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal from the NAACP. Two years later, he won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for his book Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story. In 1966, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America awarded King the Margaret Sanger Award for his courageous resistance to bigotry and his lifelong dedication to the advancement of social justice and human dignity. Also in 1966, King was elected as a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was posthumously awarded a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for his Why I Oppose the War in Vietnam in 1971. In 1977, the Presidential Medal of Freedom was posthumously awarded to King by President Jimmy Carter, who stated: Martin Luther King, Jr. , was the conscience of his generation. He gazed upon the great wall of segregation and saw that the power of love could bring it down. From the pain and exhaustion of his fight to fulfill the promises of our founding fathers for our humblest citizens, he wrung his eloquent statement of his dream for America. He made our nation stronger because he made it better. His dream sustains us yet. More than 730 cities in the United States have streets named after King. King County, Washington rededicated its name in his honor in 1986, and changed its logo to an image of his face in 2007. The city government center in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, is named in honor of King. King is remembered as a martyr by the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (feast day April 4) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (feast day January 15).

An Abortion at 28 Days Would Be Harmless! :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

An Abortion at 28 Days Would Be Harmless! Let's examine the fetal development on a daily basis for the first 28 days of life - and then decide whether such an early abortion would be "harmless" or not. Day 1: Fertilization: One little boy begins the first day of his life within his mother's body. At this point, his father's sperm and his mother's egg combine to form a new human being who carries with him as much information as 50 sets of a 33-volume encyclopedia. This genetic information (DNA) will determine all of this little person's physical characteristics and much of his intelligence and personality. (Moore 25, Davis 39, Sadler 3, Gasser 19, Arey 55, Patten 43, Rugh 2-7, Flanagan 41) Day 2: Our little friend is now three cells big. His cells will continue to divide as he starts down his mother's Fallopian tube towards her uterus (womb), where he will get the food and shelter he needs to grow and develop. Day 6-7: Implantation into his mother's uterus begins and all the while he continues to grow. As his cells multiply, they differentiate to perform specific functions-circulatory, muscular, neural and skeletal. Day 14: Implantation is completed around this time and his mother misses her first menstrual period. Day 20: His heart, brain, spinal column, and nervous system are almost complete and his eyes begin to form. Day 22: His heart begins to beat. Day 28: This little boy is now approximately 1/4 inch long - 10,000 times larger than he was only three weeks ago! The blood flowing in his veins is completely different than his mother's. Whoops!! The fetal development stops at this point because the expectant mother has elected to have an abortion after 28 days. Has a human life been destroyed? Abortion actually terminates a human life. Physicians, biologists and scientists testified before Congress that human life begins at conception (fertilization). In Report, Subcommittee on Separation of Powers to Senate Judiciary Committee S-158, it states that "There is overwhelming agreement on this point in countless medical, biological and scientific writings." Every abortion involves, either surgicallly or chemically, the destruction of a human zygote or a human fetus, and the subsequent removal of same from his mother's womb. Therefore, every abortion ends a human life. ("US Congress") WORKS CITED Arey, Leslie B.   Developmental Anatomy. , Philadelphia: W.

Early Childhood Pioneers Essay

Froebel pioneered the view that play acts as an organising function which integrates learning and helps children apply their knowledge and understanding in relation to their developing ideas, feelings, physical bodies and relationships. Froebel thought that schools should be communities in which the parents are welcome to join their children. He believed that parents were the first educators of their child. He thought that children learned outdoors as well as indoors. He encouraged movement, games and the study of natural science in the garden. He invented finger play, songs and rhymes. He encouraged the arts and crafts and a love for literature as well as mathematical understandings. He thought that children should have freedom of movement, clothes which were easy to move about in, and sensible food which was not too rich. Foebel deeply valued symbolic behaviour and encouraged this in very young children. He realised how important it is for children to understand that they can make one thing stand for another. He thought that the best way for children to try out symbolic behaviour was in their play. He thought that as they pretend and imagine things, children show their highest level of learning. Similarly to Vygotsky he thought that children’s best thinking is done when they are playing. He also designed various items and activities to help symbolic behaviour. He encouraged children to draw, make collages and model with clay. He encouraged play with special wooden blocks (Gifts) and made up songs, movements, dancing AND crafts (occupations). He allowed children to use Gifts and Occupations as they wished thus introducing what is called now free flow play. He emphasised the expressive arts, mathematics, literature, sciences, creativity and aesthetic things. He believed that each brought important but different kinds of knowledge and understanding. He also place great emphasis on ideas, feelings and relationships. Influence on current practice and curriculum models Most mainstream settings encourage learning through first hand experience and play remains central to provision for children’s learning, including language development through rhymes and finger plays. Most early years settings encourage imagination to flow freely in play, and symbolic play is seen as very important for children’s development. Early years settings integrate care and education and today this is emphasised more than ever. Children’s development is still encouraged through provision of a wide range of materials and activities tailored to the needs of the individual child. Current best practice still emphasises creativity, science and the humanities and learning opportunities are integrated across curriculum partnerships. Maria Montessori (1870- 1952) Montessori devised a structured teaching programme which she based on her observations of children who were mentally challenged, and she believed she was making Froebel’s work more scientifically rigorous in doing this. There are Montessori schools in the UK within the private sector. Children are seen as active learners who go through sensitive periods in their development when they are more open to learning particular skills and concepts. Montessori designed a set of didactic materials which encouraged children to use their hands. Her method involves a series of graded activities through which every child progress working through specially designed materials. Each material isolates one quality for the child to discover e. g. size, colour or shape. The materials are self correcting. Whereas Froebel stressed the importance of relationships, feelings and being part of a community, Montessori stressed that children should work alone. She thought that this helped children to become independent learners. For her the highest moment in child’s learning was what she called the polarisation of the attention. This means that the child is completely silent and absorbed in what they are doing. Montessori did not think there was need for adult correction. The role of the adult was limited to facilitating the child’s own creativity, the teacher is known as directress. Children are not seen as part of a community but work largely on their own in a quiet and peaceful environment of total concentration. Little parental involvement is encouraged. Unlike Froebel, Montessori did not see the point in play or the free flow. She did not encourage children to have their own ideas until they had worked through all her graded learning sequences, she did not believe that they were able to do free drawing or creative work of any kind until they had done this. The child is thought to solve problems independently, building self confidence, analytical thinking and the satisfaction that comes from accomplishment. There are significant similarities between Piaget’s theory of the stages of cognitive development and the Montessori system’s organisation of students in the classroom. The Montessori system places children into classrooms based upon a common cognitive stage and not by grade level, children are divided into age groups and are presented with activities that correspond to their cognitive ability at that level, this coincides closely with Piaget’s stages of development in which certain cognitive tasks must be mastered during a certain age in order for formal learning to progress. Furthermore students in Montessori system are placed in an environment that is tailored to their cognitive development, Montessori believed that classrooms should be furnished and equipped in a manner that allows children to explore and interact with their surroundings in a safe and engaging environment. Piaget believed that interaction with one’s surroundings aids in cognitive development in a way that is referred to as schema theory. The Montessori system also provides the necessary growth opportunities as designated by Piaget to progress from one cognitive stage to next. These four criteria include maturation, experience, social interaction and equilibration Influence on current practice and curriculum models Mainstream provision also sees the child as an active learner and some Montessori ideas and materials are used such as graded sizes of particular shapes, e. g. small, medium and large blocks. Many other aspects of Montessori provision are different from mainstream early years practice. For example mainstream settings emphasise that the role of adults in intervening and supporting the child’s learning. Current mainstream practice would not usually leave children to work through activities alone but encourages group work and sensitive intervention by adults to support learning. Sometimes quiet concentration is encouraged but according to individual children’s needs rather than basic approach to all learning activities. Current practice would involve parents/carers as partners with a high degree of involvement. Susan Isaacs (1885- 1948) Like Margaret McMillan, Susan Isaacs was influenced by Froebel, she was also influenced by the theories of Melanie Klein, the psychoanalyst, Isaacs made detailed observations of children. Isaacs valued play because she believed that it gave children freedom to think, feel and relate to others. She looked at children’s fears, their aggression and their anger. She believed that through their play, children can move in and out of reality. This enables them to balance their ideas, feelings and relationships. She said of classrooms where young children have to sit at tables and write that they cannot learn in such places because they need to move just as they need to eat and sleep. Isaacs valued parents as the most important educators in a child’s life. She spoke to them on the radio, and she wrote for parents in magazines. Isaacs encouraged people to look at the inner feelings of children. She encouraged children to express their feelings. She thought it would be very damaging to bottle up feelings inside. She supported both Froebel’s and Margaret McMillan’s view that nurseries are an extension of the home and not a substitute for it, and she believed that children should remain in nursery type education until they are 7 years of age. Isaacs kept careful records of children, both for the period they spent in her nursery and for the period after they had left. She found that many of them regressed when they left her nursery and went on to formal infant schools. Modern researches have found the same. Influence on current practice and curriculum models Mainstream early years settings today give opportunities for children to let off steam in controlled way through vigorous physical play and encourage controlled expression of feelings through language and imaginative play. Play is still seen as central to learning and parents/carers are seen as partners. Careful observation of children and accurate record keeping is emphasised in early years settings. Many countries throughout the world do not start children at school until age six or seven years and many early years educators in the UK argue that this should be the case here. Margaret McMillan (1860-1931) Margaret worked in the Froebel tradition. She believed in active learning through first hand experiences and emphasised feelings and relationships as well as physical aspects of movement and learning. She believed that play helped a child to become a whole person and was an integrating force in learning and development. McMillan was a pioneer in nursery education. She believed in the introduction of nursery schools as an extension of home and as communities in themselves. She emphasised the value of the open air and introduced gardens for families to play and explore. She believed in partnership with parents who developed with their children in the nursery environment. McMillan was the first to introduce school meals and medical services and stressed the importance of trained adults to work with children. Influence on current practice and curriculum models McMillan has had a powerful influence on the provision of nursery education in the UK and many of her principles are widespread. At present time children are given access wherever possible to outdoors areas and encouraged to make gardens and use natural materials. Early years settings give opportunities for children’s physical, social, imaginative and creative play and encourage expression of feelings. Active learning is encouraged through provision of a wide range of materials and equipment together with a skilled and qualified workforce. McMillan’s views on the nursery school as a community are followed through today as parents are invited into schools and seen as partners in the care and education of their children. As well as being a community in itself, early years settings extend provision into the community and become part of the community. School meals and medical services are now an accepted part of provision. Learning theories and Play The importance of Play, the environmental factors and the view of the child as an active learner are also reflected in the social constructivist model. Similarly to the pioneers of play, Piaget, Vygotsky and Bruner saw the child as an active participant in their own development and learning. Piaget stated that children passed through a series of stages of cognitive development always in the same order but at different rates. He emphasised that the child was an active participant in their own learning and development. According to Piaget children had schemas or patterns of behaviour that are part of the child’s powerful drive to understand its experiences. Piaget believed that young children in preoperational stage began to think and represent actions with symbols and judged situations on what they could see not being able to conserve, he also prescribed them as egocentric and felt that they learned by discovery. Whereas Piaget saw the child as a solitary learner, Bruner and Vygotsky similarly to Froebel stressed the importance of the role of adults and interactions in play. Vygotsky emphasised the role of adults in helping children learn. He identified the zone of proximal development and believed that the adult role was to intervene and help children to move into the zone of actual development and the cycle goes on. Bruner believed that children learn through doing, imagining what they have been doing and then turning what they know into symbols such speech, drawing and writing. Bruner saw the adult as important in supporting children’s learning especially when informal, everyday interactions are utilised to help children make sense of the world. Influence on current practice and curriculum models Current practice acknowledges the role of schemas in children’s learning and development. Different types of schemas were identified by early years practitioners, teachers and psychologists, such as transporting, orientation, enveloping, horizontal and vertical schemas. Social constructivism (reflecting many of the early childhood pioneers’ ideas) is widely acknowledged to underpin and influence mush early years provision. It emphasises that children have different and distinct ways of thinking, behaviour and feeling at different stage of development and that children’s thinking is different from adults. Children are seen as active agent in their own learning, adults observe and assess children, work closely with the child, support their learning, extend play opportunities and parents are involved as partners. Carefully structured and well resourced learning environment are essential including the indoors and outdoors to encourage exploration and discovery with a balance of adult structured activities and play and learning opportunities freely chosen by children. Current principles and Curriculum models High/Scope curriculum model High scope is a structured programme developed in the 60s in the USA and now extended for use with preschool children and babies. Some mainstream settings in the UK use the High scope approach. The High/scope is based on well accepted educational principles: Active learning: the child is encouraged to become an active learner involved directly in their own learning. Personal initiative: the child is encouraged to use personal initiative to plan, do, and review their own learning. Consistency: children need consistent stable daily routines and organised learning environment to help their confidence and independence. Genuine relationships between practitioners and children Appropriate curriculum designed to provide key learning experiences. The EYFS Curriculum The principles of good practice in early years provision have integrated many of the key features of the work of the early educators. Currently is general agreement about what constitutes a good practice and these ideas have been drawn together in the curriculum guidance for the foundation stage in England. The key areas are Adults and children, the curriculum and the environment. Children and adults: Children are active learners, they engage with adults, materials, events and ideas in immediate, direct and meaningful ways, adults are skilled and trained and understand how children learn and develop. Children are viewed as a whole and their individual needs are met. Adult observe and assess children’s progress and are able to respond appropriately. Imagination and symbolic play are seen as very important. The curriculum: There is a balanced between adult initiated and children self chosen activities, well planned and purposeful play is seen as the most important vehicle for learning. A brad balanced, well panned relevant and appropriate learning curriculum is provided, a wide range of activities and equipment is available indoors and outdoors and the equality of opportunity and access to learning for all children are essential. The environment: A well organised, safe, stimulating, secure and reassuring environment is provided and positive relationships with parents are maintained. [pic] Bibliography Beaver M, Brewster J, Jones P, Keene A, Neaum S, Tallack J, 1999, Babies and Young Children Book2, 2nd edition: Early Years Care and Education, Stanely Thornes (Publishers) Ltd Bruce T. , 2004, Developing learning in early childhood (0-8), Paul Chapman Publishing, A Sage publications company London. Bruce T & Meggitt C, 2007, CACHE Level3 Award Certificate Diploma in childcare and education, London, Hodder Education. Edwards C. P. , 2002, Three Approaches from Europe: Waldorf, Montessori, and Reggio Emilia, Early Childhood Research and Practice, Volume 4 Number 1, 2002. Grisham-Brown J. (? ) INFLUENCES ON EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, Early childhood development, Education. com Holachek K. , 2007, The benefits of alternative education: How Piaget theories of Cognitive development in children support the Montessori system, (? ) Hucher K. & Tassoni P, 2005, professional development Planning play and the Early years (2nd Edition), Oxford, Heinemann Educational publishers Sagarin S. K. , 2009, The Seer and the Scientist: Rudolf Steiner and Jean Piaget on Children’s Development, JOURNAL for Waldorf/R. Steiner Education Vol. 11. 1, May 2009.

Efforts To Eradicate Poliomyelitis Health And Social Care Essay

Through the attempts of the planetary run to eliminate infantile paralysis, infantile paralysis instances have declined worldwide, from 35,251 instances in 1988, to 1449 instances as of 28 October 2005, ( CDC ) . However, confirmed instances of wild infantile paralysis virus continue to be reported from Southern portion of Zimbabwe. This proposal aims to supply a wellness publicity instruction to the people of Gwanda, particularly the political and spiritual leaders who encouraged the boycott of immunization. With the encouragement from the leaders the villagers believed that the vaccinum was contaminated by anti-fertility substances, others questioned the focal point on infantile paralysis when rubeolas and malaria were considered more harmful. Some besides distrusted claims about the safety of Western biomedicine. These concerns relate to inquiries about the rightness of perpendicular wellness intercessions, where degrees of everyday immunisation are low. Therefore a community base d wellness publicity program after a wellness appraisal demand is done will be produced. Management of alteration theory by Lewin will be used in educating the leaders on infantile paralysis and the importance of immunization.IntroductionIn 1988, the World Health Assembly voted to implement a run to eliminate infantile paralysis by the terminal of the twelvemonth 2000, following the successful obliteration of variola in 1980 ( Henderson, 1999 ) . However, with 2971 confirmed new infantile paralysis instances worldwide by the terminal of 2000, the deadline was extended to 2004 ( WHO, 2004 ) . Although the figure of infantile paralysis instances has declined well worldwide, from 35,251 instances in 1988 to 1449 instances in 2005 ( 28 October ; WHO, 2005 ) , the end remains elusive. Cases continue to be reported, chiefly in India, Nigeria, Some parts of Zimbabwe, Pakistan, and Afghanistan ( Altman, 2006 ) , although eruptions in Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Cote d'Ivoi re, Mali, and Sudan in 2004 ( CDC, 2005, p. 874 ) , and in Indonesia and Yemen in 2005 ( McNeil ( 2005a ) and McNeil ( 2005c ) ) , which were once polio free, have besides been reported. This enterprise aims to better the wellness of disadvantaged kids in a province in Zimbabwe, through a wellness publicity programme. The proposal is aiming kids under the age of 5 old ages this will enable unsusceptibility for kids when turning up. The community spiritual and political leaders brought the state to a standstill by boycotting polio immunization among their community, claiming that it was infected with assorted diseases. The wellness publicity intends to accomplish this by affecting different spouses, and basic wellness publicity rules. Health publicity has emerged in the last decennary as an of import force to better both quality and measure of people ‘s lives. Sometimes termed ‘the new public wellness ‘ it seeks to back up and promote a participative societal motion that enables persons and communities to take control over their ain wellness. ( McDowall et al, 2006 ) . The necessity for wellness publicity is preponderantly identified via epidemiology which is by and large perceived as the chief scientific beginning for public wellness issues, ( Van der Maesena et Al, 2000 ) . Recently the significance of traditional epidemiology in this function has been questioned as traditional epidemiological methods may be excessively blunt excessively trade with the complications of today ‘s wellness jobs, ( Lancet and Nuffield ‘s Institute for Health, 2003 ) . Wallerstein, ( 2006 ) , notes that the challenge of modern wellness publicity is to better societal conditions related to wellness and in making so, non stay so reliant on epidemiology to place wellness jobs. Alongside the wellness motion emerged the thought of educating the populace for the good of its wellness ( Tibaijuka, 2005 ) . Therefore, the intent of wellness publicity is to beef up the accomplishments and capablenesss of persons to take action and the capacity of groups or communiti es to move jointly to exercise control over the hurts of wellness and achieve positive wellness. However, one would reason that each individual is accountable to their ain wellness and one can non coerce them to alter their wellness behavior, but to advice Banks ( 2001 ) believes that it is possible to warrant breaches of liberty if the purpose of wellness publicity is to forestall injury to society, and the agencies to accomplish this are ethically and lawfully appropriate. Annas ( 2003 ) argues that justification of disproportionality is possible on the footing that bar is better than remedy, if the remedy is well more expensive or hard, as intervention of homelessness or poorness would be. Clinical medical specialty has long been bound by an established codification of moralss. Possibly public justification would be easier were an in agreement codification of moralss available and used by all involved in wellness publicity, ( Sindall 2002 ) . Consequently the end of wellness publicity is non to coerce a place of perfect wellness on persons but to assist people to be every bit healthy as they desire to be. However it is non easy for wellness publicity due to societal determiners of wellness such as poorness which makes these persons determinations on their wellness behavior hard, hapless lodging conditions. Therefore the demand for shuting the spread of the inequalities in wellness should be addressed in any wellness publicity activity. Due to cultural values and positions on immunization, a challenge to alter will be proposed. Therefore, Kurt Lewin ‘s 1951 Management ‘s of Change Theory will be used in this proposal to alter the political spiritual leaders mind on immunization. Poliomyelitis in kids particularly the under-5 is a major job in this country and the universe at big, there are 3 types of the virus doing polio.Type-2 of the virus has been eliminated. In 2006, Type 1 infantile paralysis virus constituted 847 of the 1129 instance of infantile paralysis recorded in Zimbabwe ( CDC, 2007 ) . All the instances were recorded in the northern portion of the state therefore foregrounding the demand in that country. Gwanda State ranked 1th of the provinces affected with 356 instances. Merely four states ( Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan ) have ne'er experienced break of poliovirus transmittal. Zimbabwe had the largest figure of instances in 2006, accounting for 1,129 ( 56 % ) of the 2,002 instances reported globally. The figure of confirmed infantile paralysis instances in Zimbabwe attributed to both WPV type 1 ( WPV1 ) and type 3 ( WPV3 ) increased from 782 in 2004 to 830 in 2005 and to 1,129 in 2006 ( CDC 2007 ) . In the targeted northern provinces, local authorities countries ( LGAs ) offered other wellness intercessions when kids were brought to inoculation stations. These intercessions included distribution of soap, Datril, unwritten rehydration salts, anti-helminthics, and insecticide-treated bed cyberspaces to promote response to immunisation.The DiseasePoliomyelitis is an infective disease that used to be the most common cause of palsy in immature people. For this ground, it was known as childish palsy. Polio was one time a common cause of deceas e, but widespread inoculation has greatly reduced it. Better hygiene and sanitation have helped, but inoculation is the most of import ground why this disease is now so rare. The words infantile paralysis ( Grey ) and myelon ( marrow, bespeaking the spinal cord ) are derived from the Greek. It is the consequence of infantile paralysis virus on the spinal cord that leads to the authoritative manifestation of palsy. Persons at hazard of polio.mainly affect kids under five old ages of age. ( CDC ) . Poliovirus is a member of the enterovirus subgroup, household Picornaviridae. Enteroviruss are transeunt dwellers of the GI piece of land, and are stable at acerb pH. Picornaviruss are little, ether-insensitive viruses with an RNA genome. There are three poliovirus serotypes. There is minimum heterotypic unsusceptibility between the three serotypes. That is, unsusceptibility to one serotype does non bring forth important unsusceptibility to the other serotypes. The poliovirus is quickly inactivated by heat, methanal, Cl, and ultraviolet visible radiation. Polio is caused by poliovirus type-1, type-2 or type-3. Type-2 poliovirus has been eliminated, ( CDC ) The virus enters through the oral cavity, and primary generation of the virus occurs at the site of nidation in the throat and GI piece of land. The virus is normally present in the pharynx and in the stool before the oncoming of unwellness. One hebdomad after oncoming there is fewer viruses in the pharynx, but virus continues to be excreted in the stool for several hebdomads. The virus invades local lymphoid tissue, enters the blood stream, and so may infect cells of the cardinal nervous system. Reproduction of poliovirus in motor nerve cells of the anterior horn and encephalon root consequences in cell devastation and causes the typical manifestations of infantile paralysis, ( CDC ) . The unwellness progresses to flaccid palsy with lessened deep sinew physiological reactions, reaches a tableland without alteration for yearss to hebdomads, and is normally asymmetrical. Strength so begins to return. Patients do non see centripetal losingss or alterations in knowledge. Many individuals with paralytic infantile paralysis recover wholly and, in most, musculus map returns to some grade. Weakness or palsy still present 12 months after onset is normally permanent.CDC ) . Paralytic infantile paralysis is classified into three types, depending on the degree of engagement. Spinal infantile paralysis is most common, accounting for 79 % of paralytic instances. It is characterized by symmetric palsy that most frequently involves the legs. Bulbar infantile paralysis leads to failing of musculuss innervated by cranial nervousnesss and histories for 2 % of instances. Bulbo-spinal infantile paralysis, a combination of bulbar and spinal palsy, histories for 19 % of instances. The death-to-case ratio for paralytic infantile paralysis is by and large 2 % -5 % among kids and up to 15 % -30 % for grownups ( depending on age ) . It increases to 25 % -75 % with bulbar engagement. Epidemiology At one clip poliovirus infection occurred throughout the universe. Polio obliteration Program conducted by the Pan American Health Organization led to riddance of infantile paralysis in the Western Hemisphere in 1991. The Global Polio Eradication Program has dramatically reduced poliovirus transmittal throughout the universe. In 2005, merely 1,948 confirmed instances of infantile paralysis were reported globally and infantile paralysis was endemic in six states. ( WHO ) . Reservoir Worlds are the lone known reservoir of poliovirus, which, is transmitted most often by individuals with in-apparent infections. There is no symptomless bearer province except in Immune deficient individuals. Transmission Person-to-person spread of poliovirus via the faecal-oral path is the most of import path of transmittal, although the oral-oral path may account for some instances. Temporal Pattern Poliovirus infection typically peaks in the summer months in temperate climes. There is no seasonal form in tropical climes. Communicability Poliovirus is extremely infective, with sero-conversion rates among susceptible family contacts of kids about 100 % , and greater than 90 % among susceptible family contacts of grownups. Persons infected with poliovirus are most infective from 7 to 10 yearss before and after the oncoming of symptoms, but poliovirus may be present in the stool from 3 to 6 hebdomads. Prevention of infantile paralysis There is no remedy for infantile paralysis, it can merely be prevented. Polio vaccinum, given multiple times, can protect a kid for life. Polio is prevented by the DTaP/IPV/Hib ( five-in-one ) vaccinum, which is given during childhood. It provides unsusceptibility to polio, every bit good as diphtheria, lockjaw, whooping cough and Hib. The vaccinum was introduced in the UK in 2004, and has been used in Canada since 1997. Before the five-in-one vaccinum, kids were immunised against infantile paralysis with an unwritten ( taken by oral cavity ) vaccinum called Sabin. Although this is still available, the five-in-one vaccinum provides a similar or better degree of protection, and is the preferable signifier of immunization. Both types of vaccinum work by let go ofing really little sums ( strains ) of the virus into the organic structure. These strains are excessively weak to bring forth disease, and are easy fought off by the organic structure ‘s immune system. If you come into co ntact with the virus once more, your organic structure knows how to do antibodies to contend it off, ( WHO ) . Post-polio Syndrome After an interval of 30-40 old ages, 25 % -40 % of individuals who contracted paralytic infantile paralysis in childhood experience new musculus hurting and aggravation of bing failing, or develop new failing or palsy. This disease entity is referred to as postpolio syndrome. Factors that increase the hazard of post-polio syndrome include increasing length of clip since ague poliovirus infection, presence of lasting residuary damage after recovery from the ague unwellness, and female sex. The pathogenesis of post-polio syndrome is thought to affect the failure of outsize motor units created during the recovery procedure of paralytic infantile paralysis. Post-polio syndrome is non an infective procedure, and individuals sing the syndrome do non shed poliovirus ( CDC ) .Health Needs Assessment.Health demands appraisal is a new phrase to depict the development and polish of good established attacks to understanding the demands of a local population. Health needs appraisal may be defined as the systematic method of placing unmet wellness and health care demands of a population, and doing alterations to run into those unmet demands ( Wright, Williams and Wilkinson, 2008 ) . Another manner of specifying wellness demands appraisal is as a procedure of mensurating ill-health in a population. Under this definition wellness demands are viewed as wellness losingss, and wellness demands assessment involves the building of a wellness profile ( or instead an unwellness profile ) which in bend, relies on steps of incidence, prevalence and grade of badness of assorted wellness jobs in a population. The greater the sum of ill-health the greater is need ( Pickin and St Leger, 2004 ) . All wellness demands assessment concerns three cardinal elements: wellness jobs ( necessitate ) resources and results ( wellness addition ) ( Robinson and Elkan, 2006 ) . Needs in wellness attention is normally defined as the capacity to profit. If wellness demands are to be identified so there should be an effectual intercession available to run into these demands and better wellness. Bradshaw ( 1972 ) classified needs into ; -Felt need ; equated to desire. An person ‘s perceptual experience of fluctuation from normal wellness. -Expressed demand ; felt demand turned to action. Persons seek aid to get the better of fluctuation from normal wellness. -Normative demand ; a professional defines intercession appropriate for the uttered demand. -Comparative demand ; comparing between demands for badness, size, scope of intercessions and cost. It is about equity. Health needs incorporates the wider societal and environmental determiners of wellness, such as want, lodging, diet, instruction, employment. This wider definition allows us to look beyond the confines of the medical theoretical account based on wellness services, to the wider influences on wellness. Health demands of a population will be invariably altering, and many will non be so conformable to medical intercession ( Wright, 2008 ) . It is necessary to set about a Health Need Assessment ( HNA ) to supply grounds about a population on which to be after service and address wellness inequalities, to supply an chance to prosecute with specific populations and enable them to lend to targeted service planning and resource allotment and eventually to supply an chance for cross-sectoral partnership working and developing originative and effectual intercessions. Therefore before any programs for the wellness publicity can be done, a demand of wellness demands appraisal in the province of G wanda is of importance. Undertaking HNA can give some benefits such as strengthen the community engagement in determination devising, bettering squad and partnership working, professional development of accomplishments and experience and better usage of resources ( Cavanagh and Chadwick,2005 ) .2.1 Target Population Needs AssessmentThe country described in the appendix A ( State of Gwanda ) , the chief job is the scourge/effect of infantile paralysis on kids ( particularly the under-5years old ) . This is most distressing because there is proviso for immunisation. When this country is compared with the southern portion of the state, it can be seen that there is a really low prevalence rate of infantile paralysis in the South. Besides from the appendix, it can be seen that this country had the highest figure of polio instances in 2006 and the 2nd highest in 2005 of all the 44 local authorities countries ( LGAs ) in the province. The demands in this country can loosely be grouped into societal demands and wellness demands. Health demands will include the undermentioned ; a- Need for wellness instruction ; In northern Zimbabwe in 2003, the political and spiritual leaders of Gwanda State brought the immunisation run to a arrest by naming on parents non to let their kids to be immunized. These leaders argued that the vaccinums could be contaminated with anti-fertility agents ( estradiol endocrine ) , Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) , and cancerous agents. Another of import factor that played a function in the infantile paralysis vaccinum boycott was the general misgiving of aggressive, aggregate immunisation plans in a state where entree to basic wellness attention is non easy available. The aggressive door-to-door mass immunisations that have slashed polio infections around the universe besides raised intuitions. From a Illiterate Zimbabwean ‘s position, to be offered free medical specialty is about every bit unusual as a alien ‘s traveling door to door in America and passing over $ 100 measures. It does non do any sense in a state where people struggle to obtain the mo st basic medical specialties and intervention at local clinics ( Jegede, 2007 ) . This boycott was caused by the spiritual and tribal leaders of the people who were non adequately educated on the polio issue. Because of the strong influence of these leaders on their topics and the low instruction degree, the impact had an overpowering consequence on the state and the universe as a whole. Therefore, public consciousness runs about inoculation are important. These should emphasize the value of immunisation and affect the media. Immunization messages can be packaged into vocals by local instrumentalists and can be communicated through play in the linguistic communication that local people understand ( Jegede, 2007 ) . b- Need for rehabilitation ; Paralysis is a subsequence of infantile paralysis ( appendix A ) . There is presently no plan on land to rehabilitate those crippled by the disease. This is an country that needs turn toing, to give the disabled a feeling of belonging and better their quality of life. c- Need for surveillance ; The Numberss quoted in the statistics may really be a tip of the iceberg as many more kids may hold been affected. A good surveillance squad should be on land to better the outreach during inoculation yearss. Door-to-door runs may be pursued more sharply. d- Need for policy devising ; In this society where spiritual, traditional and political leaders influence national and planetary issues, a national policy on immunisation against childhood diseases should be in topographic point. All kids delivered in wellness institutes should be made to have all the necessary vaccinums after proper wellness instruction is given to the parents. e- Need for farther research ; Even many old ages after the boycott, infantile paralysis eruptions remain a regular happening in Zimbabwe, and these demo some signifier of opposition to vaccinums. While three or four doses of infantile paralysis vaccinum administered to a immature baby are plenty to supply protection in most parts of the universe, in Zimbabwe, with so much infantile paralysis virus circulating, kids under five old ages must be immunized up to eight or more times ( Odutola,2004 ) . This creates the demand for more research into better vaccinums and manners of vaccine disposal. Social needs- It is a good established research happening that people who are socio-economically disadvantaged suffer a heavier load of unwellness and have higher mortality rates than their better-off opposite numbers ( Robinson and Elkan, 2006 ) . a- Need for better lodging ; Sing the manner of spread of the disease ( Appendix A ) proper waste disposal should be ensured by doing certain the houses have good and proper lavatory system. b- Need for H2O ; Provision of good and wholesome imbibing H2O will cut down the spread of the disease. The H2O beginnings for most portion of the community include Wellss and reservoirs which may be easy contaminated by fecal matters. Harmonizing to UNICEF in 2004 merely 67 % and 31 % of the population usage improved drinking H2O beginnings for urban and rural countries severally ( Appendix ) . c- Need for sanitation ; This can non be overemphasized. This will be aimed at cut downing or extinguishing the spread of the disease. 53 % of urban and 36 % of rural inhabitants used equal sanitation installations ( Appendix )Collaborative WorkingUsing collaborative working attack in the alteration procedure purposes to animate a shared vision to assist leaders understand the benefits and importance of immunization, including instruction and wellness publicity. The leaders will the first people that are targeted to educate as they have a strong influence to the villagers and where the 1s who initiated the boycott. Then parents and the remainder of the villagers after a complete trust has been gained from the leaders. The spouses involved in this wellness publicity will be the small town spiritual and political leaders, Zimbabwean Ministry of wellness, school nurses, local physician, NGO, and other wellness professionals in the community and the media. A spoke adult male from the other State who has witnesse d the benefits of immunization in his province will be available to speak. This could promote the leaders one time hearing it from their native brother. Collaborative/Partnership working has become a cardinal characteristic of British societal public assistance policy since 1997, ( Downie, 2000 ) . Although this development is applicable to all countries of public public assistance, nowhere is it more apparent than in the planning and proviso of attention that overlaps wellness and societal services. The New NHS: Morden and reliable ( 2005 ) places great trade of accent on partnership working with many other New Labour paperss following suit ( Demolishing the Berlin wall ) . However on the other manus Wildridge et Al, ( 2004 ) argues that partnership working is non in and of itself a good thing. The public-service corporation of working in partnership must be related to the desired result. Therefore it is merely deserving working in partnership if such working agreements will really assist accomplish the coveted end. Furthermore, there appears to hold confusion around the definition and nomenclature of partnership working with many o ther labels such as co-operations, coaction and joint working, ( Haxham, 2000, Lasker et al 2001 ) . They farther indicate out that whichever term is used it can intend different things to different people under different fortunes. Therefore, Lowndes ( 2007 ) describes partnership working as a assortment of agreements with different intents, clip graduated tables, constructions, runing processs and members between organisations, groups, bureaus persons and the community as a whole. Haxham ( 2000 ) further comments that coaction working achieves what would be hard or impossible for an organisation to make on its ain hence collaborative working is besides known as partnership working. Likewise Banks ( 2002 ) points out that at times cardinal policy may necessitate a partnership attack, nevertheless if the driver for bureaus working together is principally authorities insisting on them moving, the internal moral force for coaction may be weak. Therefore, taking to a partnership neglecting to travel beyond a presentation undertaking stage, without enduring impact, ( Williamson, 2001 ) .Management of Change StrategyThe job highlighted earlier helped set up the principle for alteration. By working collaboratively wit h the local professionals will promote the leaders to see the benefits of immunisation, without the concern of merely acquiring the information from a alien? Change means loss, and those presenting change demand to recognize the natural heartache and opposition that derive from this sense of loss, which can besides alarm them to possible defects in their proposals, ( Todnem, 2005 ) . To convey approximately successful alteration one should be motivated and believed that alteration is good. Change direction has been defined as the procedure of continually regenerating an organisation ‘s way, construction, and capablenesss to function the ever-changing demands of external and internal clients ( Moran and Brightman, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to Burnes, ( 2004 ) alteration is an ever-present characteristic of organizational life, both at an operational and strategic degree. Therefore, there should be no uncertainty sing the importance to any administration of its ability to place where it needs to be in the hereafter, and how to pull off the alterations required acquiring at that place. Consequently, organizational alteration can non be sepa rated from organizational scheme, or frailty versa ( Burnes, 2004 ; Rieley and Clarkson, 2001 ) . Due to the importance of organizational alteration, its direction is going a extremely required managerial accomplishment ( Senior, 2002 ) . Children provide the cardinal component for the future prosperity of society ( Department for Education and accomplishment, 2003 ) . Therefore, alteration direction is peculiarly of import when developing services for kids and their households, ( DH, 2004 ) . Children came from assorted socio-economic and cultural background, it is imperative that all kids receive appropriate wellness attention. If kids become excluded from preventive intercessions and wellness attention surveillance coders, their peculiar demands may non be identified, ( DH, 2004 ) . Therefore taking to hapless kid development, which will impact their quality of life. Change direction has been viewed as a accomplishment to make, follow and reassign cognition to reflect cognition and penetrations, ( Baulcombie, 2003 ) A principle for alteration is necessary before any alteration can be implementated. Therefore, for the community of Gwanda to help their kids ‘s wellness, their immunisation on the kids has to be implemented. In wellness attention theories are used to convey about planned changed. Planned alteration involved, acknowledging a job and making a program to turn to it, ( Sturdy and Grey, 2002 ) . Assorted alteration theories have been identified within the wellness sector. Therefore taking the right alteration theory is of paramount importance as all alteration theories do non suit any alteration, ( Linstead and Linstead, 2004 ) , Abrahamson, 2000 ) . Kurt Lewin 1951 and Lippitts and Haveloxks direction of alteration theories are the most planned alteration direction theories used in the wellness sector, ( Black, 2000 ) , and their influence still holds in the industry. Planned alteration basically, single behaviour alteration requires two conditions to be met: acquisition has to happen and motive to use the acquisition has to be, ( Baulcombie, 2003 ) . However writers such as Collings, ( 2003 ) and Buchannan and Badham, ( 2000 ) criticize planned alteration claiming that, planned alteration is assumed to hold a clear cut and distinct start and coating, small or no history is taken of the demand for organisation to react in a dynamic and unstable manner to uninterrupted ( frequently external ) force per unit areas of alteration. As Weick ( 2000 ) noted, the chief critics of planned alteration tend to piece under the streamer of emergent alteration. Weick ( 2000 ) states that: Emergent alteration consists of ongoing adjustments, versions, and changes that produce cardinal alteration without a priori purposes to make so. Emergent alteration occurs when people reaccomplish modus operandis and when they deal with eventualities, dislocations, and chances in mundane work. Much of this alteration goes unnoticed, because little changes are lumped together as noise in otherwise uneventful inactiveness. As the emergent attack to alter is comparatively new compared to the planned attack, it is argued that it still lacks coherency and a diverseness of techniques ( Bamford and Forrester, 2003 ; Wilson, 1992 ) . Another unfavorable judgment of the emergent attack is that it consists of a instead disparate group of theoretical accounts and attacks that tend to be more united in their agnosticism to the planned attack to alter than to an agreed option ( Bamford and Forrester, 2003 ; Dawson, 1994 ) . However, harmonizing to Burnes ( 2006 ) the general pertinence and cogency of the emergent attack to organizational alteration depends on whether or non one believes that all administrations operate in dynamic and unpredictable environments to which they invariably have to accommodate. However, for this proposal planned direction of alteration will be used. The alteration theory by Lewin has three stages. Lewin saw that planned alteration is chiefly aimed at bettering the operation and effectivity of the human side of the organisation through participative, group- and team-based coders of alteration ( Burnes, 2004 ; 2000 ) . Lewin died in 1947, but his attack to planned alteration was broadened out and updated by the organisation development motion and applied to organization-wide enterprises such as civilization and structural alteration coders ( Cummings and Worley, 2001 ) .Phase 1 Unfreezing:Lewin believed that the stableness of human behaviour was based on a quasi-stationary equilibrium supported by a complex field of driving and keeping forces. He argued that the equilibrium needs to be destabilized ( unfrozen ) before old behaviour can be discarded ( unlearnt ) and new behaviour successfully adopted. Therefore naming jobs an consciousness of the demand to alt er. At this phase persons are motivated to follow a new position that enables them to comprehend that the current state of affairs can be improved. The forces driving towards and keeping persons from following a alteration must be identified, in this instance the small towns, political and spiritual leaders who are resisted to alter are identified and schemes are to be devised to beef up the drive forces and to weaken the restraining forces. This could be done by educating the small town leaders about infantile paralysis, how kids get infantile paralysis and how to forestall it. Talk to the leaders about their frights if the alteration has to go on. The negotiations and group engagement will so garner information that will place forces that will impact alteration, as in a force field analysis, ( Boje, 2000 ) . Consequently, these can be implemented to present alteration in aiming to cut down infantile paralysis among kids ; in this instance, the drive forces for alteration resulted from kids with high Numberss of infantile paralysis in the territory and the deficiency of good instruction information for the community. During this phase the leaders will be encouraged to voice concerns and frights, and will be given clip to be educated and all answered to their satisfaction. The pedagogues will press the Leaders to see the demand to better attention for the kids. The procedure of squad edifice through group engagement of the wellness boosters, instructors, school nurse and the leaders will promote accepting and back uping alteration. ( Carnal, 2003 ) notes that during the unfreezing stage, it is of import to promote inquiries and advance attitudes that might impact alteration.Measure 2 TravelingTraveling to a desired, province through the execution of new systems. As Schein ( 2006 ) notes, u nfreezing is non an terminal in itself, it creates motive to larn but does non needfully command or foretell the way. Alternatively, one should seek to see all the forces at work to place and measure, on a test and mistake footing, all the available options ( Lewin, 1947 ) . Changing breakage of old wonts and acceptance of new accomplishments and behaviour. In the devising phase, unfastened communicating and engagement of the leaders in developing the alteration in perspecting will be encouraged. Once persons feel actively involved and personally committed to a undertaking, they will be more likely to back up its successful execution, ( Shelton and Darling 2001 ) . Sufficient instruction and support during the traveling phase will assist the leaders achieve a new comfort zone, ( Carney, 2000 ) . Conger ( 2000 ) notes that any alteration is an implied menace, and the individuals affected, frequently vacillate between the loss of the old manner and the chances of the new. The travelin g phase terminals when alteration is implemented and new behaviour encouraged. When alterations are introduced, a period of destabilization is to be expected. Therefore, committedness and motive from the leaders every bit good as the squad as a whole, is required to do this phase successful. The leaders will be encouraged by the fact they will hold kids in the community who do non hold infantile paralysis, and the benefit of the cognition of the importance of immunisation non merely for infantile paralysis.Measure 3: refreezing:Re-freezing or internalising new behaviours and attitudes to forestall and attitudes to forestall to forestall a return old ways of operating. This is the concluding measure in the three-step theoretical account. Refreezing seeks to stabilise the group at a new equilibrium in order to guarantee that the new behaviours are comparatively safe from arrested development. Carr ( 2001 ) noted that the freeze phase is of import to capture informations that reveal th e result of the alteration and describe them. Watchfulness is required to forestall back sliding and old wont patterns return. Many alterations fail because of deficiency of attending to this concluding phase, ( Carney, 2004: Horsefly and Ross-Smith, 2002 ) . Lewin saw these three elements as being used and working together instead than being seen as separate theories. As Burnes ( 2004 ) notes, in order to accomplish successful alteration, Lewin believed it was necessary: to analyse and understand how societal groupings were formed, motivated and maintained. This required the usage of both field theory and group kineticss and to alter the behaviour of societal groups. A demand to both action research and the three-step theoretical account of alteration. Doyle et Al. ( 2000 ) claim that there is inclination in the wellness sector of implementing alteration, so travel on without doing certain that the alteration is lasting. To seek and alter excessively much excessively rapidly is likely to be counterproductive as people will non be able to cover with it efficaciously. The acceptance of an bossy attack to alter, or an over ambitious one, shows a failure to appreciate the human facets of alteration and is likely to bring forth fright, uncertainness and ill will, ( Mullins, 2000 ) . Therefore in this case the leaders will be advised that the alteration will foremost be targeted at a certain figure of freshly born with consequence of turn overing out to all babes in a three month period. However, it must be stressed the importance of all the kids to be immunized every bit shortly as possible. Communication is both a contributory factor to alter, therefore is closely linked to the manner of direction. Lack of communicating efficaciously run the hazard that programs and motivations will be misunderstood and lead to bring forth opposition, ( Mentol et al. 2002 ) . Garvin ( 2000 ) notes, that rumour and guess can make full the nothingness.DecisionIn decision, an of import aim or result of wellness demands appraisal is to convey about ‘health addition ‘ . Clearly, the peculiar wellness addition sought depends in portion on what demand is being assessed. In many types of wellness demand assessment the coveted type of wellness addition is a decrease of mortality and morbidity. Outcomes or aims can include non merely those which ‘add old ages to life ‘ , but besides those which add ‘life to old ages ‘ . Bettering ‘quality of life ‘ is hence besides another of import result ( Robinson and Elkan, 2006 ) . Health results such as alterations in morbidity and mortality are the consequence non merely of wellness attention intercessions but besides of wider societal alterations and policies which affect wellness, such as policies concerned with the environment or general alterations in life criterions. As can be seen from the above, proper wellness in struction and engagement of the interest holders in the planning of proviso of immunisation is paramount in accomplishing the obliteration of infantile paralysis in the country, Zimbabwe and the universe as a whole.

Work Definition in Chemistry

Work Definition in Chemistry The word work means different things in different contexts. In science, it is a thermodynamic concept.  The SI unit for work is the  joule. Physicists and chemists, in particular, view work in relation to energy: Work Definition Work is the energy required to move an object against a force. In fact, one definition of energy is the capacity to do work. There are many different kinds of work. Examples include: Electrical workWork against gravityWork against a magnetic fieldMechanical work Key Takeaways: Work Definition in Science In physical science, such as physics and chemistry, work is force multiplied by distance.Work occurs if there is movement in the direction of the force.The SI unit of work is the joule (J). This is the work expended by a force of one newton (N) over a displacement of one meter (m). Mechanical Work Mechanical work is the type of work most commonly dealt with in physics and chemistry. It includes work moving against gravity (e.g., up an elevator) or any opposing force. Work is equal to the force times the distance the object moves: w F*d where w is work, F is the opposing force, and d is the distance This equation may also be written as: w m*a*d where a is the acceleration PV Work Another common type of work is pressure-volume work. This is work done by frictionless pistons and ideal gases. The equation to calculate the expansion or compression of a gas is: w -PΔV where w is work, P is pressure, and ΔV is the change in volume Sign Convention for Work Note that equations for work employ the following sign convention: Work performed by the system on the surroundings has a negative sign.Heat flow from the system into the surroundings has a negative sign.

Thesis Statement Essay Example

Thesis Statement Essay Example Thesis Statement Essay Thesis Statement Essay What is a thesis statement? A single sentence that summarizes your main idea How do you create a thesis statement? Two Parts: (1) Topic + (2) Opinion = Thesis Statement The good, the bad, the ugly†¦ Good thesis statements are clear, to the point sentences with enough detail to make the main idea of the essay unmistakable and the writer’s opinions obvious. Bad thesis statements may make the main idea and writer’s opinion obvious, but the only thing they really offer to the reader is a sentence with vague generalizations.Ugly thesis statements can be corrected with careful thought, but they are broad, tell the reader little to nothing specific about the topic or opinion, and the statement is so general that not much can be learned about the paper. Types of Bad Thesis Statements 1. The Non: â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† is a short story that uses symbols. Analysis: Sure, â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† is a short story and it does use symbols, bu t what is your opinion of the short story or how symbols are used. Better Thesis: Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Masque of the Red Death† uses complex symbols to offer a powerful statement about life and death.Analysis: The topic is the same†¦Ã¢â‚¬ The Masque of the Red Death† and symbols, but the writer’s opinion is also clear†¦the symbols are complex and make a powerful statement. Not everyone may agree with that statement, but this writer can prove those points in the essay (that’s the support and body). 2. The Overly Broad Thesis A thesis statement should be as specific as possible. Giving broad statements makes the thesis vague (unclear) and ineffective. Example: The government as the right to limit free speech.Analysis: The topic is somewhat clear (limiting the right to free speech), but the reader is left wondering why. Is there a particular reason the writer thinks free speech should be limited? It kind of makes you wonde r if they put any thought into it at all. Better Thesis:In cases of racist or sexist language, the government has the obligation to limit the right of free speech. Analysis: The topic is still the same (limiting the right to free speech), but the writer’s opinion is much more specific (racist and sexist language).You don’t have to agree with the writer’s opinion (remember this is an argument or point they are trying to prove). 3. The Vague Thesis A good thesis not only provides a position, but it also provides specific detail or reasoning in that one sentence. Too often, writers state an opinion and then stops with only a vague, meaningless ending. Example: There are many reasons why the government should limit freedom of speech. Analysis: Such as? Why can’t the writer tell the reader what those reasons are?Don’t you know if you intend to make the argument that freedom of speech should be limited? Better Thesis: Freedom of speech should be limited because of the emotional damage hateful speech can create and the prejudice racist and sexist language encourages. Analysis: From this thesis statement, we know that the writer will argue that freedom of speech should be limited, but they go a step farther and tell you why (emotional damage and prejudice). As a reader, you will be expecting that writer to prove their point by discussing and supporting those two opinions.

How to Cite an Ebook in IEEE Referencing

How to Cite an Ebook in IEEE Referencing How to Cite an Ebook in IEEE Referencing Being able to download an entire library onto a single device is very useful for students and researchers. And this makes it important to know how to cite an ebook in IEEE referencing. In this post, then, we’ll look at both in-text citations and the reference list entry for an ebook in IEEE. In-Text Citations In-text citations in IEEE referencing are indicated with numbers in brackets. Each number points to a source in the reference list, which is where you give full publication information. For example, we would cite the first source referenced in a document like this: It would be difficult to stun a shark with conventional equipment [1]. This would then point to the first source in the reference list. And to cite the same ebook again later, we would simply use the same number as in the first citation. The main variations on this basic citation system occur when: You have already named the author in the text, when you would give the citation immediately after the name rather than at the end of the sentence. Quoting a source directly, which requires you to include page numbers. You can see more on how to format in-text citations in our overview of the IEEE referencing system. The most important thing, though, is that the numbers in your in-text citations match the position of the relevant sources in the reference list at the end of your document. Adding an Ebook to an IEEE Reference List In an IEEE reference list, treat an ebook similarly to a print book. The only difference is the need to indicate where it can be accessed online. The correct format for an ebook in IEEE referencing is therefore: [#] INITIAL(S) Surname, Book Title, edition (if not first edition). City of Publication: Publisher, year. [Online] Available: URL In practice, then, the reference list entry for an ebook would look like this: [1] R. Schneider, A Bigger Boat: Innovations in Electrofishing. Oak Bluffs, MA: Vineyard Publications, 2005. [Online] Available: electrofishing.com/resources/schneider-bigger-boat.html Don’t forget to include a small hanging indent for each line after the first. And if you’d like any help checking the referencing in your work, or simply making sure a document is error free, we’re always here to help.

Managing HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing HR - Essay Example The researcher states that in order to select the best practice for recruiting new employees, the company gave an insight to all possible options and the costs involved. With the advent of the internet, and its deep impact on the human resourcing, companies have already been relying upon the computers to access and utilize a number of advantages, recruitment being one of them. Tracking of resumes, job applications, new job postings etc., has all been made much easier than before with the help of online recruitment methods. In spite of a number of employers using the traditional methods of newspaper ads, referencing within the industry, search agencies and personal recommendations, e-recruitment can easily integrate with all these HR services and offer much better results. Another part of the essay aims to explore the various methods that can be utilized by the company in order to reduce the absence of employees. Absenteeism can be defined as the unscheduled absence of employee / empl oyees from work and the cause of absence may range from personal to professional reasons – like illness, family issues, problems at office etc. managing employee absence has become one of the most challenging tasks for the companies across the globe. While there exists no particular approach for absenteeism management, the managers are required to address the issues and causes, and subsequently suggest solutions to employees to reduce their leaves and also increase work efficiency, such as counseling as the best method possible.

Antigone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Antigone - Research Paper Example However, King Creon believes that the laws are made by man and men are the only people who can change the laws. The major challenge affecting both the two protagonists is the personal pride making their stance known and not wanting to back-down. One important issue to be addressed is that the both share almost same idea, but different view. Oedipus was to become king by killing his father Laius, which happened on his way to visit the town. The tragic death of his father is outlined in the prophecy preceding the play. It outlines the issues that affect relationships in the play thereby enabling the reader to understand the role of incest in shaping the character of the main issues. The development of female heroism is depicted in the play by the actions of Antigone. Heroism and feminism has been in conflict over the years until in the last two decades. The factors that influenced the inclusion of women as action heroes include the rigid nature of the feminist agenda, feminism ideologi es of the 20th century and the role of women in the society (Wilmer & Zukauskaite, 2007, p. 45). The concept of heroism is borrowed from the ancient Greek mythology which creates personality who is immortalized. From the analysis of the play, the heroism depicted is antagonistic heroism because there are two main characters namely protagonist Antigone versus Creon. The antagonistic heroism is displayed in various traditional and modern literatures including the Harry Potter Series. Side kick heroes support the main hero. In the case of Antigone, there is no side kick hero, but only the antagonistic hero. However, some antagonistic heroism may lead to tragedy as depicted in the story of Antigone and Creon which shows the desire for freedom and social guidance (Wilmer & Zukauskaite, 2007, p. 125). In addition, the relationship and desires of the two main characters shapes the development of the story. The principles of choice and the lack of flexibility to accommodate the views of oth ers indicate the power of dictatorship and authoritarian regime. Creon refuses to accept the beliefs of Antigone and uses his authority to infringe on the rights of Antigone leading to tragedy. However, crisis in the play is presented at the start of the play, when Oedipus kills his father and ascends to power. The tragedy comes when he ascends to power and marries his mother. The life of Oedipus is complex because it marked with several challenges including being tied and thrown away in order to prevent the prophecy to occur. He is the son of King Laius and Queen Jocasta, but later married his mother. The realization of the tragedy of incest leads to death of the queen because she commits suicide after knowing the truth. Oedipus kills his father during a disagreement along the road. In addition, he kills Sphinx making him a darling for the people of Thebes. The reward for the win and following the death of King Laius, Oedipus is given the throne leading to the interaction with the queen (Sophocles, 2008, p. 1117). Final draft Literary Analysis: Antigone The story of Antigone is based on prophetic issues and the decision of main protagonists in the play. Antigone and Creon are the main protagonists of the play based on the belief and pride. The play is based on the trust and tradition of the people of Thebes. In fact, the major challenge is on the burial of Polyneices, the challenge is based on the laws to respect. Antigone believes in the laws of the deity which forces them

Summary paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary paper - Essay Example differs from one hospital to another, and the definite implementation procedure differs depending on the available resources and individual, as well as the kind of the institution in which the RRT is being implemented. Physicians are not included in RRT because they are present in house and we have physician coverage for all patients on the nursing units. A number of pieces had to be put in place for the program to succeed in preparation for implementation of the RRT: staff meetings to elucidate the role of the members of the RRT, a pilot test to project the number of RRT calls, and education of hospital-based care providers and community physicians. A light patient assignment for the nurse who is assigned to the RRT is recommended by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Monthly data for the RRT is reviewed by the champions of the implementation procedure in collaboration with the health care quality department. The number and nature of RRT call, the number of codes, and the duration of RRT calls are included in the monthly data. Several modifications to optimize the RRT program were made on the basis of outcomes (Scott et al. 67). The mean duration of the RRT calls has been 53 minutes, but the mean number of call per 24 hours is still merely two. The RRT nurse revisits the nurses who started the call to address any questions that nurse may still have in addition to the time needed for the RRT call. Alternating RRT coverage between the ICU and the cardiac ICU was the other change made after the implementation of RRT. The documentation form developed initially for the RRT calls have been adjusted several times on the basis of feedback from the nurses who used the form. The number of RRT calls reduced in 2006 following the initial implementation of the RRT. This reduction is attributed to the waning consciousness of the presence of RRT support among staff. The number of calls increased when we implemented existing, multi-prolonged communication program to

Evaluate the role of the internet for a college student Essay

Evaluate the role of the internet for a college student - Essay Example Internet has become increasingly essential to virtually everyone in the worldpeople try to become one global village.Internet has proved to be of a great significance to college peers and it has become a part of their daily lives. Internet assists students as they go on with their studies and researches. Due to the wide range of information present in the internet, it makes it easy for students to conduct research using internet libraries such as Proquest, Ebsco, and Emerald Insight among others. For instance, a student may have a task of doing a research on topic in which they cannot interact with the subject of research due to geographical or financial constraints. Professionals have concluded that, â€Å"Internet is a wide range of supporter by providing all contacts requirements and all types of information, searching facilities with its various digital tools† (Isman Web.). By visiting the internet, the student may gather vital information that will assist the student in t he research about the topic. Due to rapid advances in technology, experts came up with an internet learning programs that enable an individual to learn at the place of their comfort.For instance, e-learning has made it possible for students across the world to learn through virtual classes. Internet is now a common and globally used medium of communication. This makes the students keep in touch with the significant partieswho are of substantial help to them. Incase a student has some query it is easier to contact someone who will help them sort out the issue at hand through the internet.For instance, the student may contact tutorsor friends who may help in solving an academically related issue.Communication platforms such as Skype, Facebook video calling, and Google+ among others have made it possible to video conference. Students can take advantage of such communication platforms to enhance their studies through collaboration with other students and education experts across the wor ld. Certainly, â€Å"Internet has become such an integral part everywhere and a potent communication tool† (Kashif-Ur-Rehma et al 48).This is evident through social media whereby students are able to gather vital information from different parts and from different individuals around the world, which might be of great assistance to the student. Due to the purposes of relaxation, internet offers a wide range of services to facilitate the student as they relax after their studies. Internet games, music, videos, and other forms of entertainmentare widely available in the internet. Whereas such forms of entertainment can be potentially damaging, wise use of internet entertainment can be of great use to students. Games such as chess and scramble, helps the students in sharpening their brains. For instance playing chess, which is considered as the game for genius, may improve ability to focus and think critically.There are games such as crosswords or Sudoku, these games helps to the student to construct vocabularies thus making it easier for them to comprehend easily what they are taught. Whereas the world has increasingly become busy, parenting has become equally challenging. Students more often than not opt to use internet as solution finder to most of social and personal issues such as relationships. It is argued, â€Å"Teens may be too embarrassed to seek information on sex from parents†

Discussion about a theme in the book history of love Essay

Discussion about a theme in the book history of love - Essay Example ity of one’s life is defined and experienced through connection and validation and it is the need for these things that drive this novel’s characters in a story of existence. As the story of Leo Gursky begins we see a man who is ever in search of ways to validate his existence. He plays roles within society that are created to fulfill his need to be seen by others. Sometimes that role is that of a cranky old man who must insinuate his anger thus making himself unforgettable to clerks, waiters, and strangers on the street, and other times he plays the role of a fool, spilling and bumbling in order to achieve a One can define Leo by the concepts examined and created by the Austrian psychiatrist Dr. Sigmund Freud concerning the id, the ego, and the superego. Freud â€Å"portrayed humankind as only incompletely evolved, as torn by a fundamental rift between bestial motives and civilized conduct and demeanor, between an animal nature and cultural aspirations.† (Mitchell) Freud divided the self into three aspects, the id, the ego, and the superego. While the id represents the childish, willful wants of the unconscious mind, the ego is the conscious mind that keeps those desires from experiencing greater consequences than the identity would wish. The superego represents the unconscious adult mind that inhibits one from indulging fantasies, desires and impulses that can harm the needs of the ego. â€Å"The ego disguises the appearance of the id’s impulses, thereby both preventing social censure and keeping the impulses under careful regulation.† (Mitchell, p. 25) With his ac tions, however, Gursky seems to be led by the id which is described as â€Å"based on our pleasure principle. In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation.† (Hefner) In Gursky, the superego is diminishing as he is dealing with the

Benefits of renewable energy in the uae Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benefits of renewable energy in the uae - Essay Example This is due to lack of adequate water supply. The developing cities such as Masdar city, in the United Arab Emirates, primarily rely on the renewable energy to fuel its growth activities. The architectural skills employed by the construction industry within the city are sophisticated and classy. It is anticipated that the rest of the UAE will adopt a similar or more sophisticated architectural skill in the future in order to improve the quality of the buildings and maximize the benefits of the residents. UAE comprises one of the major oil exporters worldwide. Oil has been the major economic pillar in the UAE due to substantial revenue streams from oil export. For decades, the UAE economy has been supported by oil, which has negative consequences to the environment (contributing to global warming). It is time the UAE government considered the exploitation of alternative sources of energy, preferably, the renewable sources. Abu Dhabi is the richest amongst the seven countries of the UAE. The region owns 7.4 % of the world’s oil resources, 3.2 % of global confirmed natural gas supplies, and more than 90 % of the UAE’s oil and natural gas (Abu-Hijleh& Al-Amir, 2013). Abu Dhabi’s GDP is more than half of the federal’s total, and it is presently planning to use about 175 billion dollars on economic diversification in the next six years. Because of its oil wealth, the region’s long-term economic strategy depends widely on a combination of industrialization and overseas investments in the hydrocarbon sectors and energy-intensive sectors due to the existence of the vast amounts of oil oil wealth. In principle, with Abu Dhabi’s oil reserves anticipated to last until the century’s end, its diversification efforts, have never involved an entire shift away from oil resources (Sgouridis et al., 2013). The UAE can be described as a rentier economy due to its immense fossil-fuel resources, timid national

Discussion about a theme in the book history of love Essay

Discussion about a theme in the book history of love - Essay Example ity of one’s life is defined and experienced through connection and validation and it is the need for these things that drive this novel’s characters in a story of existence. As the story of Leo Gursky begins we see a man who is ever in search of ways to validate his existence. He plays roles within society that are created to fulfill his need to be seen by others. Sometimes that role is that of a cranky old man who must insinuate his anger thus making himself unforgettable to clerks, waiters, and strangers on the street, and other times he plays the role of a fool, spilling and bumbling in order to achieve a One can define Leo by the concepts examined and created by the Austrian psychiatrist Dr. Sigmund Freud concerning the id, the ego, and the superego. Freud â€Å"portrayed humankind as only incompletely evolved, as torn by a fundamental rift between bestial motives and civilized conduct and demeanor, between an animal nature and cultural aspirations.† (Mitchell) Freud divided the self into three aspects, the id, the ego, and the superego. While the id represents the childish, willful wants of the unconscious mind, the ego is the conscious mind that keeps those desires from experiencing greater consequences than the identity would wish. The superego represents the unconscious adult mind that inhibits one from indulging fantasies, desires and impulses that can harm the needs of the ego. â€Å"The ego disguises the appearance of the id’s impulses, thereby both preventing social censure and keeping the impulses under careful regulation.† (Mitchell, p. 25) With his ac tions, however, Gursky seems to be led by the id which is described as â€Å"based on our pleasure principle. In a healthy person, according to Freud, the ego is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the id, not upset the superego, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation.† (Hefner) In Gursky, the superego is diminishing as he is dealing with the

What is an Outcome Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is an Outcome - Assignment Example What is theoretical probability? It is the probability that assumes that all outcomes in a sample space are equally likely to occur What is relative frequency method or empirical probability? Empirical probability relies on actual experience to determine the outcome of outcomes What is subjective probability? Subjective probability uses probability value based on an educated guess employing opinions and inexact information. What is a probability distribution? It consists of the values a random variable can assume and the corresponding probabilities of the values which are determined through experiment or through observation. What are the odds of an event? Odds of an event are applied in gambling games to make them fair. What is the multiplication principal for finding number of outcomes? P(A ∠©B)=P(B\A)Ãâ€"P(A) Chapter 7 section B What are independent events? Events can be independent if occurence of one of the events does not affect the probability of another occurring. How do we find the probability of two or more independent events happening at same time? Multiplication of the individual probabilities for each of the events What is the probability of rolling a single die three times and getting a six on all three rolls?

International Law Essay Example for Free

International Law Essay International law refers to an agreement signed between nation-states binding them to conform to well structured principles and acceptable standards. It primarily concerns relations between nations on specific legal fields such as treaty, humanitarian and criminal laws rather than on issues of individual citizens. The formation of international law came about due to view by legal activists that consented signing of defined principles by sovereign states could limit their power to interfere with other nations internal affairs. This led to the finding of the international criminal court in early 20th century to safeguard states sovereignty and respect for human rights. The international law is based on the customary law, treaty law and other naturally acceptable cords of conducts. To enforce these laws, there exist many international organizations. The United Nations has been charged with the duty to keep and maintain peace and security. This is because since its formation in 1945, its charter has been adhered to by many nations and even the remaining few nations agree with the principles that form it. This makes UN the most influential enforcer of international law. It works towards developing and maintaining friendly relations between states and overseeing the harmonious resolution of conflicts among states. To achieve this, the UN has many departments each charged with a particular function. The international criminal court is one of its mechanisms of dealing with interstate and humanitarian matters (http://www. ohchr. org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/InternationalLaw. spx). The establishment of UN general assembly was made to undertake study and recommend on ways of progressively developing and safeguarding the international law. To uphold human rights, methods like sending peace keeping troops and initiating peace negotiations have been employed. Guaranteed human peace and harmonious inter-states existence is the best gift this world needs. This shows the importance of these enforcing bodies of the international law and there affiliates.