Histology Review Supplement

Histology Review Supplement The slides in this section are designed to provide a basic histology review related to topics introduced in the PhysioEx lab simulations and in your anatomy and physiology textbook. From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Tutorial. The opening screen should appear after a few seconds. The Sort by menu is located at the top left. Click on the white drop-down menu and select â€Å"Histology Review† from the list. You will note that the slides in the histology module are grouped in the following folders: Skeletal muscle slides Nervous tissue slides Endocrine tissue slides Cardiovascular tissue slides Respiratory tissue slides Digestive tissue slides Renal tissue slides Select the group of slides you wish to view, and then refer to the relevant worksheet in this section for a step-by-step tutorial. For example, if you would like to review the skeletal muscle slides, click on the Skeletal muscle slides folder, and then turn to the next page of this lab manual for the worksheet entitled Skeletal Muscle Tissue Review to begin your review. You will have the option of viewing slides with or without labels by clicking the On/Off buttons at the bottom left of the viewer. Since the slides in this module have been selected for their relevance to topics covered in the PhysioEx lab simulation, it is recommended that you complete the worksheets along with a related PhysioEx lab. For example, you might complete the Skeletal Muscle Tissue worksheet right before or after your instructor assigns you Exercise 2, the PhysioEx lab simulation on Skeletal Muscle Physiology. For additional histology review, turn to page 121. 23 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the screen comes up, click Select an Image Group. From Group Listing, click Skeletal muscle slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels Off button at the bottom right of the monitor. Click slide 1. Skeletal muscle is composed of extremely large, cylindrical multinucleated cells called myofibers. The nuc lei of the skeletal muscle cell (myonuclei) are located peripherally just subjacent to the muscle cell plasmalemma (sarcolemma). The interior of the cell is literally filled with an assembly of contractile proteins (myofilaments) arranged in a specific overlapping pattern oriented parallel to the long axis of the cell. Click slides 2, 3. Sarcomeres are the functional units of skeletal muscle. The organization of contractile proteins into a regular end-to-end repeating pattern of sarcomeres along the length of each cell accounts for the striated, or striped, appearance of skeletal muscle in longitudinal section. Click slide 4. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sarcoplasmic reticulum), modified into an extensive network of membranous channels that store, release, and take up the calcium necessary for contraction, also functions to further organize the myofilaments inside the cell into cylindrical bundles called myofibrils. The stippled appearance of the cytoplasm in cells cut in cross section represents the internal organization of myofilaments bundled into myofibrils by the membranous sarcoplasmic reticulum. What is the functional unit of contraction in skeletal muscle? Click slide 5. The neural stimulus for contraction arises from the axon of a motor neuron whose axon terminal comes into close apposition to the muscle cell sarcolemma. Would you characterize skeletal muscle as voluntary or involuntary? Name the site of close juxtaposition of an axon terminal with the muscle cell plasmalemma. Skeletal muscle also has an extensive connective tissue component that, in addition to conducting blood vessels and nerves, becomes continuous with the connective tissue of its tendon. The tendon in turn is directly continuous with the connective tissue covering (the periosteum) of the adjacent bone. This connective tissue continuity from muscle to tendon to bone is the basis for movement of the musculoskeletal system. What is the name of the loose areolar connective tissue covering of an individual muscle fiber? endomysium The perimysium is a collagenous connective tissue layer that groups several muscle fibers together into bundles called fascicles . the sacromeres What are the two principal contractile proteins that compose the functional unit of contraction? Which connective tissue layer surrounds the entire muscle and merges with the connective tissue of tendons and aponeuroses? epimysium actin and myosin What is the specific relationship of the functional unit of contraction to the striated appearance of a skeletal muscle fiber? the repeating pattern of the sacromeres organized end to end 124 Histology Review Supplement Nervous Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the screen comes up, click Select an Image Group. From Group Listing, click Nervous tissue slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels Off button at the bottom right of the monitor. Nervous tissue is composed of nerve cells (neurons) and a variety of support cells. Click slide 1. Each nerve cell consists of a cell body (perikaryon) and one or more cellular processes (axon and dendrites) extending from it. The cell body contains the nucleus, which is typically pale-staining and round or spherical in shape, and the usual assortment of cytoplasmic organelles. Characteristically, the nucleus features a prominent nucleolus often described as resembling the upil of a bird’s eye (â€Å"bird’s eye,† or â€Å"owl’s eye,† nucleolus). Click slide 2. The cytoplasm of the cell body is most often granular in appearance due to the presence of darkly stained clumps of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (Nissl bodies/ Nissl substance). Generally, a single axon arises from the cell body at a pale-staining region (axon hillock), devoid of Nissl b odies. The location and number of dendrites arising from the cell body varies greatly. Axons and dendrites are grouped together in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to form peripheral nerves. What is the primary unit of function in nervous tissue? Click slide 5. Because Schwann cells are aligned in series and myelinate only a small segment of a single axon, small gaps occur between the myelin sheaths of adjacent contiguous Schwann cells. The gaps, called nodes of Ranvier, together with the insulating properties of myelin, enhance the speed of conduction of electrical impulses along the length of the axon. Different support cells and myelinating cells are present in the central nervous system (CNS). What is the general name for all support cells within the CNS? neuroglial cells Name the specific myelinating cell of the CNS. Oligodendrocyte In the PNS, connective tissue also plays a role in providing support and organization. In fact, the composition and organization of the connective tissue investments of peripheral nerves are similar to those of skeletal muscle. Click slide 3. Each individual axon or dendrite is surrounded by a thin and delicate layer of loose connective tissue called the endoneurium (not shown. ) The perineurium, a slightly thicker layer of loose connective tissue, groups many axons and dendrites together into bundles (fascicles). The outermost epineurium surrounds the entire nerve with a thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue, often infiltrated with adipose tissue, that conveys blood and lymphatic vessels to the nerve. There is no connective tissue component within the nervous tissue of the CNS. What is the relationship of the endoneurium to the myelin sheath? neuron Name the pale-staining region of the cell body from which the axon arises. nucleus The support cells of the nervous system perform extremely important functions including support, protection, insulation, and maintenance and regulation of the microenvironment that surrounds the nerve cells. Click slides 3, 4. In the PNS, support cells surround cell bodies (satellite cells) and individual axons and dendrites (Schwann cells). Schwann cells, in particular, are responsible for wrapping their cell membrane jelly-roll style around axons and dendrites to form an insulating sleeve called the myelin sheath. enclosed and protects Histology Review Supplement 125 Endocrine Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the screen comes up, click Select an Image Group. From Group Listing, click Endocrine tissue slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels Off button at the bottom right of the monitor. antrum, except for a thin rim of granulosa cells (corona radiata) that encircles the oocyte and a pedestal of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus) that attaches the oocyte to the inner wall of the antrum. Which cells of the ovarian follicle secrete estrogen? Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland regulates metabolism by regulating the secretion of the hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) into the blood. Click slide 1. The gland is composed of fluid-filled (colloid) spheres, called follicles, formed by a simple epithelium that can be squamous to columnar depending upon the gland’s activity. The colloid stored in the follicles is primarily composed of a glycoprotein (thyroglobulin) that is synthesized and secreted by the follicular cells. Under the influence of the pituitary gland, the follicular cells take up the colloid, convert it into T3 and T4, and secrete the T3 and T4 into an extensive capillary network. A second population of cells, parafollicular (C) cells (not shown), may be found scattered through the follicular epithelium but often are present in the connective tissue between follicles. The pale-staining parafollicular cells secrete the protein hormone calcitonin. Why is the thyroid gland considered to be an endocrine organ? Uterus Click slides 4, 5, 6. The uterus is a hollow muscular organ with three major layers: the endometrium, myometrium, and either an adventitia or a serosa. The middle, myometrial layer of the uterine wall is composed of several layers of smooth muscle oriented in different planes. Click slide 6. The innermost (nearest the lumen) endometrial layer is further divided functionally into a superficial functional layer (stratum functionalis) and a deep basal layer (stratum basalis). Click slide 4. A simple columnar epithelium with both ciliated and nonciliated cells lines the surface of the endometrium. The endometrial connective tissue features an abundance of tubular endometrial glands that extend from the base to the surface of the layer. During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, shown here, the endometrium becomes thicker as the glands and blood vessels proliferate. Click slide 5. In the secretory phase, the endometrium and its glands and blood vessels are fully expanded. Click slide 6. In the menstrual phase, the glands and blood vessels degenerate as the functional layer of the endometrium sloughs away. The deep basal layer (stratum basalis) is not sloughed and will regenerate the endometrium during the next proliferative phase. Which layer of the endometrium is shed during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle? it secrets a horomone What hormone secreted by the pituitary gland controls the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4? TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone What is the function of calcitonin? causes CA to be released into blood Ovary The ovary is an organ that serves both an exocrine function in producing eggs (ova) and an endocrine function in secreting the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Click slide 2. Grossly, the ovary is divided into a peripherally located cortex in which the oocytes (precursors to the ovulated egg) develop and a central medulla in which connective tissue surrounds blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. The oocytes, together with supporting cells (granulosa cells), form the ovarian follicles seen in the cortex at various stages of development. Click slide 3. As an individual oocyte grows, granulosa cells proliferate from a single layer of cuboidal cells that surround the oocyte to a multicellular layer that defines a fluid-filled spherical follicle. In a mature follicle (Graafian follicle), the granulosa cells are displaced to the periphery of the fluid-filled 126 Histology Review Supplement endometrium What is the function of the deep basal layer (stratum basalis) of the endometrium? regenerate new superficial layer What composes a serosa? perimetrium How does the serosa of the uterus, where present, differ from visceral peritoneum? location Pancreas The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. Click slide 7. The exocrine portion is characterized by glandular secretory units (acini) formed by a simple epithelium of triangular or pyramidal cells that encircle a small central lumen. The central lumen is the direct connection to the duct system that conveys the exocrine secretions out of the gland. Scattered among the exocrine secretory units are the pale-staining clusters of cells that compose the endocrine portion of the gland. The cells that form these clusters, called pancreatic islet cells (islets of Langerhans), secrete a number of hormones, including insulin and glucagon. Do the pancreatic islets secrete their hormones into the same duct system used by the exocrine secretory cells? no, but directly into blood stream Histology Review Supplement 127 Cardiovascular Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the screen comes up, click Select an Image Group. From Group Listing, click Cardiovascular Tissue Slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels Off button at the bottom right of the monitor. Which component of the intercalated disc is a junction that provides the intercellular communication required for the myocardium to perform as a functional syncytium? gap juntions Blood Vessels Blood vessels form a system of conduits through which lifesustaining blood is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart again. Click slide 3. Generally, the wall of every vessel is described as being composed of three layers, or tunics. The tunica intima, or tunica interna, a simple squamous endothelium and a small amount of subjacent loose connective tissue, is the innermost layer adjacent to the vessel lumen. Smooth muscle and elastin are the predominant constituents of the middle tunica media, and the outermost tunica adventitia, or tunica externa, is a connective tissue layer of variable thickness that provides support and transmits smaller blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. The thickness of each tunic varies widely with location and function of the vessel. Arteries, subjected to considerable pressure fluctuations, have thicker walls overall, with the tunica media being thicker than the tunica adventitia. Veins, in contrast, are subjected to much lower pressures and have thinner walls overall, with the tunica adventitia often outsizing the tunica media. Because thin-walled veins conduct blood back to the heart against gravity, valves (not present in arteries) also are present at intervals to prevent backflow. In capillaries, where exchange occurs between the blood and tissues, the tunica intima alone composes the vessel wall. The tunica media of the aorta would have a much greater proportion of what type of tissue than a small artery? Heart The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump. Although its wall can be divided into three distinct histological layers (endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium), the cardiac muscle of the myocardium composes the bulk of the heart wall. Click slide 1. Contractile cardiac muscle cells (myocytes, myofibers) have the same striated appearance as skeletal muscle, but are branched rather than cylindrical in shape and have one (occasionally two) nucleus (myonucleus) rather than many. The cytoplasmic striations represent the same organization of myofilaments (sarcomeres) and alignment of sarcomeres as in skeletal muscle, and the mechanism of contraction is the same. The intercalated disc, however, is a feature unique to cardiac muscle. The densely stained structure is a complex of intercellular junctions (desmosomes, gap junctions, fasciae adherens) that structurally and functionally link cardiac muscle cells end to end. A second population of cells in the myocardium composes the noncontractile intrinsic conduction system (nodal system). Although cardiac muscle is autorhythmic, meaning it has the ability to contract involuntarily in the absence of extrinsic innervation provided by the nervous system, it is the intrinsic conduction system that prescribes the rate and orderly sequence of contraction. Extrinsic innervation only modulates the inherent activity. Click slide 2. Of the various components of the noncontractile intrinsic conduction system, Purkinje fibers are the most readily observed histologically. They are particularly abundant in the ventricular myocardium and are recognized by their very pale-staining cytoplasm and larger diameter. The connective tissue component of cardiac muscle is relatively sparse and lacks the organization present in skeletal muscle. Which component of the intercalated disc is a strong intercellular junction that functions to keep cells from being pulled apart during contraction? lastic fiber In general, which vessel would have a larger lumen, an artery or its corresponding vein? vein Why would the tunica media and tunica adventitia not be present in a capillary? to allow material exchange between blood and tissue desmosomes What is a functional syncytium? Because the cardiac muscle cells are mechanically, chemically, and electrically connecte d to one another, the entire tissue resembles a single, enormous muscle cell. 128 Histology Review Supplement Respiratory Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the screen comes up, click Select an Image Group. From Group Listing, click Respiratory Tissue Slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels Off button at the bottom right of the monitor. The respiratory system serves both to conduct oxygenated air deep into the lungs and to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood. The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles are the part of the system of airways that conduct air into the lungs. Click slide 2. The trachea and bronchi are similar in morphology. Their lumens are lined by pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium), underlain by a connective tissue lamina propria and a deeper connective tissue submucosa with coiled sero-mucous glands that open onto the surface lining of the airway lumen. Click slide 1. Deep to the submucosa are the hyaline cartilage rings that add structure to the wall of the airway and prevent its collapse. Peripheral to the cartilage is a connective tissue adventitia. The sero-mucous glands are also visible in this slide. Click slide 3. The bronchioles, in contrast, are much smaller in diameter with a continuous layer of smooth muscle in place of the cartilaginous reinforcements. A gradual decrease in the height of the epithelium to simple columnar also occurs as the bronchioles decrease in diameter. Distally the bronchioles give way to the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli in which gas exchange occurs. In the respiratory bronchiole, the epithelium becomes simple cuboidal and the continuous smooth muscle layer is interrupted at intervals by the presence of alveoli inserted into the bronchiolar wall. Click slide 4. Although some exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchiole, it is within the alveoli of the alveolar ducts and sacs that the preponderance of gas exchange transpires. Here the walls of the alveoli, devoid of smooth muscle, are reduced in thickness to the thinnest possible juxtaposition of simple squamous alveolar cell to simple squamous capillary endothelial cell. What are the primary functions of the respiratory epithelium? What is the primary functional unit of the lung? alveoli The alveolar wall is very delicate and subject to collapse. Why is there no smooth muscle present in its wall for support? smooth muscle would hinder the gas exchange What are the three basic components of the air-blood barrier? alveolar, capillary walls and basal laminae humidfy, filter and warm incoming air Why doesn’t gas exchange occur in bronchi? bronchi have no alveoli Histology Review Supplement 129 Digestive Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the screen comes up, click Select an Image Group. From Group Listing, click Digestive Tissue Slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels Off button at the bottom right of the monitor. smooth muscle nearest the stomach, and a mix of both skeletal and smooth muscle in between. 4. The outermost layer of the esophagus is an adventitia for the portion of the esophagus in the thorax, and a serosa after the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity. Click slide 3. Here we can see the abrupt change in epithelium at the gastroesophageal junction, where the esophagus becomes continuous with the stomach. Briefly explain the difference between an adventitia and a serosa. Salivary Gland The digestive process begins in the mouth with the physical breakdown of food by mastication. At the same time salivary gland secretions moisten the food and begin to hydrolyze carbohydrates. The saliva that enters the mouth is a mix of serous secretions and mucus (mucin) produced by the three major pairs of salivary glands. Click slide 1. The secretory units of the salivary tissue shown here are composed predominantly of clusters of pale-staining mucussecreting cells. More darkly stained serous cells cluster to form a demilune (half moon) adjacent to the lumen and contribute a clear fluid to the salivary secretion. Salivary secretions flow to the mouth from the respective glands through a well-developed duct system. Are salivary glands endocrine or exocrine glands? serosa secret serous fluid, and adventitia don't. Stomach The wall of the stomach has the same basic four-layered organization as that of the esophagus. Click slide 4. The mucosa of the stomach consists of a simple columnar epithelium, a thin connective tissue lamina propria, and a thin muscularis mucosa. The most significant feature of the stomach mucosa is that the epithelium invaginates deeply into the lamina propria to form superficial gastric pits and deeper gastric glands. Although the epithelium of the stomach is composed of a variety of cell types, each with a unique and important function, only three are mentioned here (see slide 5). Click slide 5. The surface mucous cells are simple columnar cells that line the gastric pits and secrete mucus continuously onto the surface of the epithelium. The large round pink- to red-stained parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) line the upper half of the gastric glands; more abundant in the lower half of the gastric glands are the chief cells (not shown), usually stained blue, that secrete pepsinogen (a precursor to pepsin). Click slide 4. The submucosa is similar to that of the esophagus but without glands. The muscularis externa has the two typical circumferential and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle, plus an extra layer of smooth muscle oriented obliquely. The stomach’s outermost layer is a serosa. What is the function of the mucus secreted by surface mucous cells? exocrine Which salivary secretion, mucous or serous, is more thin and watery in consistency? serous Esophagus Through contractions of its muscular wall (peristalsis), the esophagus propels food from the mouth to the stomach. Four major layers are apparent when the wall of the esophagus is cut in transverse section: Click slide 2. 1. The mucosa adjacent to the lumen consists of a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, its immediately subjacent connective tissue (lamina propria) containing blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and cells of the immune system, and a thin smooth muscle layer (muscularis mucosa) forms the boundary between the mucosa and the submucosa. Because this slide is a low magnification view, it is not possible to discern all parts of the mucosa nor the boundary between it and the submucosa. 2. The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue of variable density, traversed by larger caliber vessels and nerves, that houses the mucus-secreting esophageal glands whose secretions protect the epithelium and further lubricate the passing food bolus. 3. Much of the substance of the esophageal wall consists of both circumferentially and longitudinally oriented layers of muscle called the muscularis externa. The muscularis externa is composed of skeletal muscle nearest the mouth, 130 Histology Review Supplement protects the epithelium Small Intestine The key to understanding the histology of the small intestine lies in knowing that its major function is absorption. To that end, its absorptive surface area has been amplified greatly in the following ways: 1. The mucosa and submucosa are thrown into permanent folds (plicae circulares). 2. Fingerlike extensions of the lamina propria form villi (singular: villus) that protrude into the intestinal lumen (click slide 7). 3. The individual simple columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes) that cover the villi have microvilli (a brush border), tiny projections of apical plasma membrane to increase their absorptive surface area (click slide 6). Click slide 7. Although all three segments of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) possess villi and tubular crypts of Lieberkuhn that project deep into the mucosa between villi, some unique features are present in particular segments. For example, large mucous glands (duodenal glands, Brunner’s glands) are present in the submucosa of the duodenum. In addition, permanent aggregates of lymphatic tissue (Peyer’s patches) are a unique characteristic of the ileum (click slide 8). Aside from these specific features and the fact that the height of the villi vary from quite tall in the duodenum to fairly short in the terminal ileum, the overall morphology of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa is quite similar in all three segments. Why is it important for the duodenum to add large quantities of mucus (from the duodenal glands) to the partially digested food entering it from the stomach? Click slide 10. Located in the surrounding connective tissue, roughly at the points of the hexagon where three lobules meet, is the portal triad (portal canal). Click slide 12. The three constituents of the portal triad include a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct. Both the hepatic artery and portal vein empty their oxygen-rich blood and nutrient-rich blood, respectively, into the sinusoids. This blood mixes in the sinusoids and flows centrally in between and around the hepatocytes toward the central vein. Bile, produced by hepatocytes, is secreted into very small channels (bile canaliculi) and flows peripherally (away from the central vein) to the bile duct. Thus, the flow of blood is from peripheral to central in a hepatic lobule, while the bile flow is from central to peripheral. What general type of cell is the phagocytic Kupffer cell? immune Blood in the portal vein flows directly from what organs? liver What is the function of bile in the digestive process? protects intestinal walls raises alkalinity to create ideal pH Colon Click slide 9. The four-layered organization is maintained in the wall of the colon, but the colon has no villi, only crypts of Lieberkuhn. Simple columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes with microvilli) are present to absorb water from the digested food mass, and the numbers of mucous goblet cells are increased substantially, especially toward the distal end of the colon. Why is it important to have an abundance of mucous goblet cells in the colon? because they secrete mucous, which is important to fascilitate degestion Pancreas Click slide 13. The exocrine portion of the pancreas synthesizes and secretes pancreatic enzymes. The individual exocrine secretory unit, or acinus, is formed by a group of pyramidal-shaped pancreatic acinar cells clustered around a central lumen into which they secrete their products. A system of pancreatic ducts then transports the enzymes to the duodenum where they are added to the lumen contents to further aid digestion. The groups of pale-staining cells are the endocrine pancreatic islet (islets of Langerhans) cells. Liver The functional tissue of the liver is organized into hexagonally shaped cylindrical lobules, each delineated by connective tissue. Click slide 11. Within the lobule, large rounded hepatocytes form linear cords that radiate peripherally from the center of the lobule at the central vein to the surrounding connective tissue. Blood sinusoids lined by simple squamous endothelial cells and darkly stained phagocytic Kupffer cells are interposed between cords of hepatocytes in the same radiating pattern. Histology Review Supplement 131 Renal Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the screen comes up, click Select an Image Group. From Group Listing, click Renal Tissue Slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels Off button at the bottom right of the monitor. The many functions of the kidney include filtration, absorption, and secretion. The kidney filters the blood of metabolic wastes, water, and electrolytes and reabsorbs most of the water and sodium ions filtered to regulate and maintain the body’s fluid volume and electrolyte balance. The kidney also plays an endocrine role in secreting compounds that increase blood pressure and stimulate red blood cell production. The uriniferous tubule is the functional unit of the kidney. It consists of two components: the nephron to filter and the collecting tubules and ducts to carry away the filtrate. Click slide 1. The nephron itself consists of the renal corpuscle, an intimate association of the glomerular capillaries (glomerulus) with the cup-shaped Bowman’s capsule, and a single elongated renal tubule consisting of segments regionally and sequentially named the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the descending and ascending segments of the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). Click slide 2. A closer look at the renal corpuscle shows both the simple squamous epithelium of the outer layer (parietal layer) of the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) and the specialized inner layer (visceral layer) of podocytes that extend footlike processes to completely envelop the capillaries of the renal glomerulus. Processes of adjacent podocytes interdigitate with one another, leaving only small slits (filtration slits) between the processes through which fluid from the blood is filtered. The filtrate then flows into the urinary space that is directly continuous with the first segment of the renal tubule, the PCT. The PCT is lined by robust cuboidal cells equipped with microvilli to greatly increase the surface area of the side of the cell facing the lumen. Click slide 3. In the loop of Henle, lining cells are simple squamous to simple cuboidal. The DCT cells are also simple cuboidal but are usually much smaller than those of the PCT. The sparse distribution of microvilli, if present at all, on the cells of the DCT relates to their lesser role in absorption. The DCT is continuous directly with the collecting tubules and collecting ducts that drain the filtrate out of the kidney. The large renal artery and its many subdivisions provide an abundant blood supply to the kidney. The smallest distal branches of the renal artery become the afferent arterioles that directly supply the capillaries of the glomerulus. In a unique situation, blood from the glomerular capillaries passes into the efferent arteriole rather than into a venule. The efferent arteriole then perfuses two more capillary beds, the peritubular capillary bed and vasa recta that provide nutrient blood to the kidney tissue itself, before ultimately draining into the renal venous system. In which segment of the renal tubule does roughly 75–80% of reabsorption occur? proximal convoluted tubules How are proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells similar to enterocytes of the small intestine? both absorb water, salts, vitamins, phosphates Starting from inside the glomerular capillary through to the urinary space, what are the three layers through which the filtrate must pass? glomerular capillary enothelium, glomrular basement membrane visceral layer of bowman's capsule Under normal circumstances in a healthy individual, would red blood cells or any other cells be present in the renal filtrate? no In addition to providing nutrients to the kidney tubules, what is one other function of the capillaries in the peritubular capillary bed? they deliver blood to tubular sites 132 Histology Review Supplement

Laozi and Dao Essay

1, Superficially understanding Laozi’s ideas, â€Å"those who know do not talk; / those who talk do not know† (56), are a bit conventional during his period time. It seems like that sages should try to follow the path of solitary, pretending to be ignorant and hide their talents to stay out of troubles. But we should think much deeper because Laozi’s wisdom is extremely profound that it is difficult for us to understand it. I think that â€Å"those who know do not talk;/ those who talk do not know† means that sage does not need to show off their talents. In Laozi, if a person is true erudite or intelligent, he himself will unify with what he learns and understands; I mean that everything a sage does can show how wise he is—a sage himself is wisdom itself. Laozi himself focuses more on how to live as an erudite person, act as an erudite person rather than talk as an erudite person. Related to Chinese tradition, Laozi prefers people who are humble and low-key but not ostentatious and hard-edged. So, Laozi writes about Dao instead of talking it; he believes that Dao itself is the truth which truly exists and does not need to be publicized by preaching. 2ï ¼Å'Confucius’ ideas of Dao focus more on ourselves, but Laozi’s Dao is more receptive, including the rules of everything in the universe. â€Å"An educated gentleman cannot but be resolute and broad—minded, for he has taken up a heavy responsibility and a long course. Is it not a heavy responsibility which is to practice benevolence? Is it not a long course, which will end only with his death?† (The Analects). Confucius thinks that no matter how difficult it is, man can make their will the will of the universe if they perform in the right ritual; that is the reason why Chinese emperor Wu (one of the most ambitious and powerful emperors in Chinese history) of Han dynasty decides to confucianize the whole China. Unlike Confucius, Laozi thinks that Dao decides what is possible and what is impossible, maybe possible can become impossible, but it should follow the rules of Dao; human being cannot force the impossible become possible. The biggest difference between Laozi and Confucius is that Confucius knows the past, now, but he does not know future, so everyone need to struggle now for future; Laozi  knows past, now and future because he knows that everything follows the Dao so he prefers that everyone should enjoys now and does not worry about future because it has already been decided by Dao.

The Host Chapter 1: Remembered

I knew it would begin with the end, and the end would look like death to these eyes. I had been warned. Not these eyes. My eyes. Mine. This was me now. The language I had found myself using was odd, but it made sense. Choppy, boxy, blind, and linear. Impossibly crippled in comparision to many I'd used, yet still it managed to find fluidity and expression. Sometimes beauty. My language now. My native tounge. With the truest instinct of my kind, I'd bound myself securely into the body's center of thought, twined myself inescapably into its every breath and reflex until it was no longer a seperate entity. It was me. Not the body, mybody. I felt the sedation wearing off and lucidity taking its place. I braced myself for the onslaught of the first memory, which would really be the last memory ?C the last moments this body had experienced, the memory of the end. I had been warned thorougly of what would happen now. These human emotions would be stronger, more vital than the feelings of any other species I had been. I tried to prepare myself. The memory came. And, as I'd been warned, it was not something that could ever be prepared for. It seared with sharp color and ringing sound. Cold on her skin, pain gripping her limbs, burning them. The taste was fiercely metallic in her mouth. And there was the new sense, the fifth sense I'd never had, that took the particles from the air and transformed them into strange messages and pleasaures and warnings in her brain ?C scents. They were distracting, confusing to me, but not to her memory. The memory had no time for the novelties of smell. The memory was only fear. Fear locked her in a vise, goading the blunt, clumsy limbd forward but hampering them at the same time. To flee, to run ?C it was all she could do. I've failed. The memory that was not mine was so frighteningly strong and clear that it sliced through my control ?C overwhelmed the detachment, the knowledge that this was just a memory and not me. Sucked into the hell that was the last minute of her life, I was she, and we were running. It's so dark. I can't see. I can't see the floor. I can't see my hands streched out in front of me. I run blind and try to hear the pursuit I can feel behind me, but the pulse is so loud behind my ears it drowns everything else out. It's cold. It shouldn't matter now, but it hurts. I'm so cold. The air in her nose was uncomfortable. Bad. A bad smell. For one second, that discomfort pulled me free of the memory. But it was only a second, and then I was dragged in again, and my eyes filled with horrified tears. I'm lost, we're lost. It's over. They're right behind me now, loud and close. There are so many footsteps! I am alone. I've failed. The Seekers are calling. The sound of their voices twists my stomach. I'm going to be sick. â€Å"It's fine, it's fine,† one lies, trying to calm me, to slow me. Her voice is disturbed by the effort of her breathing. â€Å"Be careful!† another shouts in warning. â€Å"Don't hurt yourself,† one of them pleads. A deep voice, full of concern. Concern! Heat shot trough my veins, and a violent hatred nearly choked me. I had never felt such an emotion as this in all my lives. For another second, my revulision pulled me away from the memory. A high, shrill keening pierced my ears and pulsed in my head. The sound scraped through my airways. There was a weak pain in my throat. Screaming, my body explained. You're screaming. I froze in shock, and the sound broke off abruptly. This was not a memory. My body ?C she was thinking! Speakingto me! But the memory was stronger, in that moment, than my astonishment. â€Å"Please,† they cry. â€Å"There is danger ahead.† The danger is behind! I scream back in my mind. But I see what they mean. A feeble stream of light, coming from who knows where, shines on the end of the hall. It is not the flat wall or the locked door, the dead end I feared and expected. It is a black hole. An elevator shaft. Abandoned, empty, and condemned, like this building. Once a hiding place, now a tomb. A surge of relief floods through me as I raced forward. There is a way. No way to survive, but perhaps a way to win. No, no, no! This thought was all mine, and I fought to pull myself away from her, but we wer together. And we sprinted from the edge of death. â€Å"Please!† The shouts are more desperate. I feel like laughing when I know that I am fast enough. I imagine their hands clutching for me just inches behind my back. But I am as fast as I need to be. I don't even pause at the end of the floor. The hole rises up to meet me midstride. The emptiness swallows me. My legs flail, useless. My hands grip the air, claw through it, searching for anything solid. Cold blows past me like tornado winds. I hear the thud before I feel it†¦ The air is gone†¦ And then pain is everywhere†¦ Pain is everything. Make it stop. Not high enough, I whisper to myself through the pain. When will the pain end? When†¦? The blackness swallowed up the agony, and I was weak with gratitude that the memory had come to this most final of conclusions. The blackness took all, and I was free. I took a breath to steady myself, as was this body's habit. My body. But then the color rushed back, the memory reared up and engulfed me again. No! I panicked, fearing the cold and the pain and the very fear itself. But this was not the same memory. This was a memory within a memory ?C a final memory, like a last gasp of air ?C yet, somehow, even stronger than the first. The blackness took all but this: a face. The face was as alien to me as the faceless serpentine tentacles of my last host body would be to this new body. I'd seen this kind of face in the images I had been given to prepare for this world. It was hard to tell them apart, to see the tiny variations in color and shape that was the only markers of the individual. So much the same, all of them. Noses centered in the middle of the sphere, eyes above and mouths below, ears around the sides. A collection of senses, all but touch, concentrated in one place. Skin over bones, hair growing on the crown and in strange furry lines above the eyes. Some had more fur lower down on the jaw: those were always males. The colors ranged through the brown scale from pale cream to a deep almost-black. Aside from that, how to know one from the other? This face I would of known among millions. This face was a hard rectangle, the shape of the bones strong under the skin. In color it was light golden brown. The hair was just a few shades darker than the skin, except where flaxen streaks lightened it, and it covered only the head and the odd fur stripes above the eyes. The circular irises in the white eyeballs were darker than the hair but, like the hair, flecked with light. There were small lines around the eyes, and her memories told me the lines was from smiling and squinting into sunlight. I knew nothing of what passed for beauty among these strangers, and yet I knew that this face was beautiful. I wanted to keep looking at it. As soon as I realized this, it disappeared. Mine, spoke the alien thought that should not have existed. Again, I was frozen, stunned. There should have been no one here but me. And yet this thought was so strong and so aware! Impossible. How was she still here? This was me now. Mine, I rebuked her, the power and authority that belonged to me alone flowing through the word. Everything is mine. So why am I talking back to her? I wondered as the voices interuppted my thoughts.

Intermediate Macroeconomics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intermediate Macroeconomics - Coursework Example (c) Calculate and graph the ratio of each of real residential investment, real non-residential investment and real inventory investment to real GDP. How do these components rank in terms of variability? Provide some explanation. 2. Consider a consumer who maximizes a utility function that depends on leisure and consumption, and who is subject to a budget constraint. The government imposes no tax on workers on wage rates up to a certain number of hours worked. Beyond this number of hours the government imposes a proportional tax rate. 4. In the Solow model, suppose there is government spending G=gN where g is fixed, and N is the number of people, and S=s(Y-T), where T=G. Show with a diagram that there are two possible equilibria, but that only the larger is stable. What is the effect on growth rates of an increase in s? 5. Suppose that part of people’s time is taken up with a given level of childcare, so that this cuts into leisure and working time. Suppose now that government raises lump sum taxes to pay for this itself. From a consumer’s perspective, assuming that wages are unchanged, what will be the effect on the consumption/leisure tradeoff? A parent who stays home to care for his or her children receives home production value for providing the service; a parent who works and hires a caregiver must pay the caregiver for the service. In the absence of a deduction for child care costs, payment for nonparental child care is made with income on which tax has been assessed. Thus a parent who pays for child care must earn more than the caregiver’s payment, before taxes, to pay the caregiver. Home-provided child care is â€Å"paid for† by forgoing untaxed wages, so the cost of home care is less than the cost of a hired caregiver. Making child care expenses tax-deductible would lead to greater social efficiency by eliminating this difference and

Apple vs. Samsung Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apple vs. Samsung - Research Paper Example Samsung has been able to create different versions of one product to meet various types of consumers needs. Apple on the other hand has specialized in the creation of various products for a wide range of varying needs. Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne founded Apple Inc. in 1976. The company’s headquarters are in Cupertino in South Korea. The company is a dealer of designer software, electronics, and provision of computer services (OGrady, 2012). Samsung, a company in the same field, began its journey in 1938 under the foundation of Lee Byung- chul in Daegu, which is located in South Korea (Lee, 2006). This paper aims to evaluate the two companies in terms of product, place, promotion, and price. Product refers something tangible or intangible available for purchase from an organization. Samsung produces many products of a fairly similar nature to suit various consumers. Apple produces technologically varying products to meet varying needs. Samsung has been leading product provider since its inception. Scholars and economists have noted that since the creation of Apple, Samsung has been forced to revamp and re-strategize itself every so often to keep up with the threat. Samsung has been able to compete due to the advantage that it has created a tough image for decades on end and has established goodwill with the globe (Thamhain, 2014). This was the most important part of the data collection process. This is because participants were allowed to take their questionnaires with them for a period spanning 5 days. Questionnaires were handed out to 20 persons randomly. In this section, the results of the survey about respondents’ preferences will be reported. The report is structured by each of the five questions in the survey beginning with question 1.Percentages were used to ensure that an overall perspective on Reponses was acquired. The first point illustrates the percentage of participants that had a

Does the MMR vaccine cause an increase on the incidence of Autism Research Paper

Does the MMR vaccine cause an increase on the incidence of Autism - Research Paper Example Would these statistical record of claims are considered apparent proof that MMR vaccine really cause an increase in the incidence of autism? Thorough analysis on the statistical report will reveal the possible reasons of the alarming increase on rates of autism cases. In this discussion, how the controversy started will also be highlighted. The government faced the challenging controversy and seemingly performed its tasks in tackling the issues and the problems of claim brought about by the controversial issue of linking autism case increase to administering of MMR vaccinations. Yet, even there is no scientific research that proved true of the relation of MMR vaccines to rising number of autism cases claims, we cannot ignore the fact that there are victims of morbid complications of maybe improper administration of some vaccines. Indeed, the government is working at its best in dealing the problems. Does the MMR Vaccine Cause an Increase on the Incidence of Autism? Vaccinations, whic h cause the immune system to produce antibodies against diseases that a person has never had before, have been considered as important measures in saving lives especially infant lives. Through vaccinations, children acquire immunity from some diseases. In most part of the world where childhood shots are readily available, routine immunizations have believed to be an influential factor in dramatic declines in the incidence of targeted childhood diseases. Thus, in many places around the world, routine series of immunizations is somehow mandatory, though the number of boosters required may vary. In fact, for most Americans today, administering vaccines have been a routine part of their healthcare. â€Å"According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), children younger than two years old need to be vaccinated at least once against a series of diseases,† wherein the recommended common vaccinations include hepatitis A and B, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, chicken pox, whooping cough or pertussis, diphtheria, bacterial meningitis, influenza, pneumococcal disease and rotavirus (Bocco, 2010). Actually, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), in general agreement with similar agencies around the world, are recommending combination vaccines, such as MMR (for measles, mumps, and rubella), given in one shot, to help reduce the number of shots a child receives (â€Å"Your Child’s Immunizations†, n.d., para.7). However, recently, questions have arisen regarding commonly accepted practices of immunization especially to children due to some reported allegations of morbid complications of vaccinations. Such assertion particularly relating MMR vaccinations as a contributing factor to increased incidence of autism. How the Alleged Controversy Started The controversial issue of increasing rates of autism to children linking to side effects of MMR vaccinations was possibly heightened by the hypothetical studies presented by Andrew Wakefield and his colleagues. According to AAP (2009), â€Å"those who claim that MMR causes autism often cite two papers by Andrew Wakefield and colleagues†, hence, their Immunization section summarized and noted these two articles presented (para.1) The first article was published in 1998, in the Lancet medical journal, entitled "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children." This hypothetical stud

The Role of Material Life, Language, Social Interaction and Aesthetics Essay - 2

The Role of Material Life, Language, Social Interaction and Aesthetics in Chinese Marketing - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in Chinese culture, material culture is revered as it is also one of the ways through which they express themselves. Material culture can be looked at in terms of artifacts, dressing, technology, and food. Materially Chinese prefer to use their own locally produced products as opposed to importing them from other countries. Hence it is common to find huge posters and other artworks containing Chinese workmanship that is totally different from what is commonly found in western cultures. All kinds of products, including food products, can be advertised or made popular through artifacts and technology. Much Chinese own television and radio sets; therefore, it would be easy for them to get information about new products on the market. The material life of Chinese is normally showcased in several of their festivals. The most relevant of the festivities, in this case, is the Moon Festival in which mooncakes are served as a delicacy. Mooncakes, which are closely related to Goodman Fielder’s Crunchy Cookies, are among the most popular of Chinese delicacies. Such festivities can be used as platforms to introduce and market new delicacies, in this case, the Crunchy Cookies that Goodman Fielder is planning to introduce into the market. Oriental dishes are very common in many of Chinese restaurants; however, it is not uncommon to find a few foreign food products in several stores. This means that although Chinese highly value their local food products, they are also open to other products that appeal to them. There are different languages spoken in China, however, there are some that are more prominently used than others. For instance, Mandarin and Cantonese are widely spoken more than any other languages in the country. English is also slowly gaining popularity, especially in the urban places. Language in China plays a huge role in social interactions. Many of Chinese websites, especially social interaction sites are operated in either M andarin, Cantonese or English. Whatever languages the Chinese use for their communication, they normally emphasize on politeness and respect.

IT Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT Organization - Essay Example Additionally, it has also been viewed that countries like China, the United Kingdom and Australia are becoming a center of attraction for large IT industries to set up their business in these locations and explore the associated opportunities. Telecommunicating is a form of IT organization where employees working within the association do not commute to a central place of work. A person who communicates is generally known as the telecommuter or teleworker. A research conducted by Reuters poll demonstrations that about one in five employees round the globe, particularly working in the â€Å"Middle East, Latin America and Asia telecommunicate regularly† and nearly 10% work from home (Reaney, 2012). Discussion Telecommunicating industry is considered to be one of the most frequently growing industries in the IT sectors. It is an organization where task are performed outside of the normal organizational space and time with the help of computer and other communication technologies. Correspondingly, the growing number of industries around the world, it has been viewed that large multinational organization assign their task to some other organization in order to maintain a coordinated relation amid all its stakeholders and customers. Considering the aspect of telecommunication industry in Australia, recently it has been viewed that Australian telecom are concerned about the cost implications and selective impact of rigorous new national security proposal (Commsday, 2012). The aspect of telecommuting in the UK is considered to be one of the pioneers around the globe. Started in the year 1986 the country has 92,000 employees out of which 15,000 are considered to be home workers. It is worth mentioning that the vital reason behind providing the facility to work from home is that it saves an average of US $5,000 a year as employees are not required to spend on travelling and are considered to take few sick leaves as they are close with their family members (BBC, 20 11). Considering the aspect of telecommuting in China, it can be stated that the country has been the place of attraction for many large industries due to its rapidly increasing literacy rate and continuous availability of skilled human resource (KPMG, 2010). Considering the above stated facts of the three selected country the new IT organization would provide the facility of working both from home and office to individuals. The organizational chart of the new organization is being illustrated below: Figure: IT Organizational Chart (Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013) With reference to the above illustrated organization chart, it can be viewed that since the organization would be based on providing IT services to three major countries in the world. It is therefore vital that the organization is built on a cross functional basis as it provides much more convenient working system within an organization. Additionally, it can be ascertained that it provides a rigid and coordinated fo rm of working system which is specially needed in all IT industry. Considering the aspects of providing services and establishment in three of the largest country, the required budget has been estimated to be US $30 million. This would include steps like developing IT governance

Biology of food4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biology of food4 - Essay Example The malting process entails a period of soaking in water for a certain period, allowing the opening of the husk, and releasing of the barley. The malting procedure stops at the point where the seeds begin to recruit enzymes that can break down the starch in the seeds. After draining the soaked seeds, the fermentation process follows, whereby yeast and lactobacilli utilize the sugars in the seed. The fermentation process runs for a period, until the beer is ready. If Mel had left the seeds to germinate fully, the germinating plant would have utilized the foods stored in the grain. Usually, seeds in the store have a reserve of nutrients in the cotyledon. Under the right conditions, germination of the seeds takes place, a process that compels the germinating seedling to use the nutrients (Pratap and Kumar37). During seed maturation, storage or starch in the cotyledon occurs. When seeds absorb water at the onset of germination, a new process of mobilizing the nutrients for use in growth occurs. The availability of certain enzymes breaks down the starch into simple sugars that the seed utilizes in respiration. The respiratory process yields energy and other waste products such as lactic acid. Moreover, synthesis of other essential nutrients such as proteins takes place in the seed. In the process of making wine, the fruit juice used provides the relevant sugars utilized by the microbes involved in the fermentation process. The wine making process is usually different from that of making beer. In making wines, grape juices serve as the source of both macronutrients and micronutrients required by the microbes, while beer making utilizes seeds. A cost/benefit analysis led to this difference. After it became evident that the seeds used in making beer were critical sources of food for animals, it proved rational for grapes serve as food for microbes in the wine making process, preserving the grains for animals (14). This is in conformity with the fact that animals are hi gher than the microbes. Plants usually produce toxins as an essential part of constitutive defense. Genetic mutation is responsible for the conversion of phenolic compounds and alkaloids to the toxins. Although plants produce toxins as a form of defense, they affect the plant’s reproductive system adversely, and the mutated genesare conferred to the next generation. It is likely that the mutated plants have a higher chance of survival because the toxins protect it from attack by herbivores and insects. Usually, plants exposed to attacks by herbivores, and insects causing detriment to the plant motivates the plant to alter its secondary metabolism and produce toxins. A classic example is the milkweed, which underwent mutation to produce cardenolides that serve as toxins to monarchs. Apricots are seeds and play a critical role because they germinate to yield new plants. Apricot seeds require both macro and micronutrients for use in the metabolic processes involved in germinatio n. From eating apricot seeds, humans obtain carbohydrates, amygdalin, protein, sugars and fats (36). Squash blossoms are flowers involved in the sexual reproduction of the plant. By eating these flowers, the body gains calcium, sodium, iron, vitamins, and carbohydrates. in order to play the role sexual reproduction, these flowers require a range of ten aromatic compounds. A slice of turkey denotes a piece of breast meat. It is an essential portion as it provides

Strategic Business Analysis - Case Study about Netflix Essay

Strategic Business Analysis - Case Study about Netflix - Essay Example This essay focuses on the business analysis of the Netflix company. The researcher aims to describe the strategic business analysis of Netflix, that is the wÐ ¾rld's lÐ °rgest Ð ¾nline DVD mÐ ¾vie rentÐ °l service, Ð ¾ffering mÐ ¾re thÐ °n three milliÐ ¾n members Ð °ccess tÐ ¾ 50,000 titles. It is stated by the researcher of the essay that the Ð °ppeÐ °l Ð °nd success Ð ¾f the cÐ ¾mpÐ °ny Ð °re built Ð ¾n prÐ ¾viding the mÐ ¾st expÐ °nsive selectiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f DVDs; Ð °nd fÐ °st, free delivery. The Netflix business mÐ ¾del is Ð °n Ð ¾rgÐ °nized rent Ð ¾f DVD Ð °dvertised thrÐ ¾ugh Internet Ð °nd delivered thrÐ ¾ugh the pÐ ¾stÐ °l mÐ °il. Te key drivers Ð °re the number Ð ¾f custÐ ¾mers, custÐ ¾mer quÐ °lity, prÐ ¾duct cÐ ¾sts Ð °nd fulfilment cÐ ¾sts. In the first pÐ °rt Ð ¾f the essay the researcher Ð °ssess the cÐ ¾mpetitiÐ ¾n in DVD industry. Using PÐ ¾rter’s Five FÐ ¾rces MÐ ¾del Ð ¾f CÐ ¾mpetitiÐ ¾n the researcher defi nes the kinds Ð ¾f cÐ ¾mpetitive fÐ ¾rces thÐ °t currently fÐ °ce Netflix. In pÐ °rticulÐ °r, the researcher also provides Ð °n Ð °nÐ °lysis Ð ¾f relÐ °tiÐ ¾nships between Netflix, BlÐ ¾ckbuster Ð °nd WÐ °l-MÐ °rt. SecÐ ¾nd pÐ °rt Ð ¾f reseÐ °rch is referred tÐ ¾ current pÐ ¾sitiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f Netflix in DVD industry. Using the grÐ ¾up mÐ °pping strÐ °tegy, key cÐ ¾mpetitÐ ¾rs Ð °re described Ð °nd cÐ ¾nclusiÐ ¾n Ð ¾f rivÐ °lry in the industry is mÐ °de. Further the study prÐ ¾vides mÐ ¾re discussiÐ ¾n Ð °nd less Ð °nÐ °lysis Ð °s the subject Ð ¾f DVD Ð ¾nline rentÐ °l industry Ð °nd its lÐ ¾w bÐ °rriers tÐ ¾ entry Ð °nd high bÐ °rriers tÐ ¾ prÐ ¾fitÐ °bility Ð °re mentiÐ ¾ned. In the cÐ ¾ncluding pÐ °rt the recÐ ¾mmendÐ °tiÐ ¾ns Ð °s fÐ ¾r the strÐ °tegies thÐ °t might bring grÐ ¾wth Ð °nd sustÐ °inÐ °bility tÐ ¾ Netflix Ð ¾ver the next five yeÐ °rs Ð °re presented.

Global Poverty Essay Example for Free

Global Poverty Essay To be born into poverty without a choice is possibly one of the greatest misfortunes that any person can be victimized with. According to Howard Hubbard author of Fighting Poverty to Build Peace, â€Å"An estimated 1.4 billion people live in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $1.25 a day.† It leaves a person with a huge challenge of survival and an extremely difficult task of creating a better future for themselves. To understand the implications of poverty across the world, one needs to first thoroughly understand its definition. It is often difficult to establish what the definition of poverty is, because, being poor, differs dramatically across countries all around the world. According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) poverty is defined in two different ways, human poverty and income poverty.[1] The definition of poverty from a human development point of view means â€Å"the denial of choices and opportunities most basic to human development to lead a long, healthy, creative life and to enjoy a decent standard of living, freedom, self-esteem and respect of others,† Alters pg 1. According to UNDP human poverty is more than income poverty. In many of the poorest nations across the world people die everyday due to poverty. Poverty proves to be one of main problems that plague the global society. I will discuss the different kinds of poverty, the causes and solutions of poverty in the global society. In the global society, poverty makes itself prominent in a variety of categories depending on each individual economy. [2]The World Bank facts for world poverty reveals that, a higher number of people live in poverty than previously thought and this number is increasing day by day. This is the main reason why in most nations today inequality is on a high and this gap is continuously rising. It is difficult to measure national poverty lines across nations because the different classes have different percentage of income that is to be spent on food. In some of the most underdeveloped and poorest economies of the world such as Sub-Saharan Africa, Afghanistan and Haiti people live in widespread poverty and dire living conditions .[3] According to the United Nations list of least developed countries in 2009, 33 were in Africa, 15 in Asia and 1 was in Latin America.[4] In other areas such as much of Europe and the United States poverty exists, but the gap of comparison is very large in comparison to a county like Angola. Poverty creates a division among  nations. That division has been growing now for a century or more. Poor countries are most often sidelined by the richer and more developed ones. This was the case of the colonization of countries like India by the British. Rich and powerful countries have the advantage of modern technology and arms to subdue the poorer ones. Although the United Nations has started helping poor countries they often feel indebted and dependent on their charity provider. The causes of poverty are many, however some of the main reasons that contribute to poverty in the world are: unemployment, lack of education, illiteracy, natural disasters and violence. The combination of all these factors can make any nation poor. This high level of inequality certainly affects the social cohesion and leads to problems such as increasing crime and violence. It is a matter of fact that effect of poverty is being transferred from generation to generation. Poor people are often dejected and unwell, and due to that they’re unable to work.[5] The World Bank estimates that poverty has held at around 25 percent of the population since the mid-1990s. And because of population growth, the number of poor actually increased to around 128 million in the early 2000s. The countries adversely affected by poverty do not progress, as the there is a little room for the development of the population. The social and cultural factors of a nation impact the economic situation of a country. The reasons for poverty differ based on the culture and the social system within a nation. People throughout the world are subjected to poverty, whether it’s due to illiteracy, unemployment and or a family history issue. A history of poverty in the family leads to many physical as well as mental problems. Poor parents do not have the resources to get their children educated. This results in the children having to deal with a lot of obstacles when trying to get jobs. The discrimination is felt acutely by them as they do not have the required skills to cope. Most often such poverty also leads to abuse. This sometimes results in bad habits in some families, like smoking, drinking and drugs. â€Å"Improving the access of the poor to assets and services will help the m share in, and contribute to, economic growth,† says Jaime Saavedra and Omar Arias author of Stuck in a Rut. The environment in the form of natural disasters plays a significant role in the cause of  increasing poverty in less developed nations. According to Akin Mabogunje the author of Poverty and Environmental Degradation: Challenges Within the Global Economy, â€Å"In many developing countries, inadequate attention is given to environmental management in areas occupied by the poor, and therefore, they are exposed to numerous environmental hazards.† When a country is affected by many different natural disasters including earthquakes, droughts, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, windstorms, and forest fires it completely devastates the poor and greatly diminishes their chances of escaping poverty. [6] According to the World Bank two billion people have been affected by Natural Disasters since the mid 1990’s. [7] In addition, people in countries that are engaged in some kind of conflict or war whether the countries are developed or developing typically experience some kind of economic hardship.[8] Armed conflict often makes countries that have a high number of poor much worse. War and conflict often results in a refugee status for many of the most impoverished people in the world. This results in basic denial of human rights such as the right to seek legal employment which further diminishes impoverished condition.[9] All over the world people suffer the consequences of poverty. It is often seen the effects of poverty is not improving and is continually passed on from generation to generation. This vicious cycle results in families concentrating on what is happening in the current moment, not focusing on the future or on how to better their own lives. People around the world that suffer from poverty concentrate on the basic element of survival like the need for food and shelter. Often making future plans to change the cycle of poverty from generation to generation to become unimportant when a family doesn’t have access to food, water or a place to sleep. [10]Democracy starts at home, but the scope, and consequences, of global economic decisions often extend far beyond national borders. The consequences of poverty include lack of opportunities, physical and mental illness, drug abuse and physical abuse, homelessness and illiteracy and lack of educational development, etc. Poverty is the most prevailing problem in the world. In today’s society we see that the richer are becoming richer, while the poor continually suffer  from increasing poverty. The problem not only lies with the people, but also with the government. The government corruption is the leading problem in the most of the countries, where the funds raised for the benefit of the poor are being used in an illegal and often detrimental way. The government must manage the economic system efficiently and use the funds in appropriate way to solve the issue of poverty. Currently as the poverty has become a world problem, the countries should form a union and think for a common solution against this problem. They should take the aid of all the ways to motivate the people to come out of the poverty. The governments can seek help of volunteers to educate and provide the knowledge on health, sanitation and many other factors, where poor families can easily relate to. On a global level, organizations like the United Nations need to put in place mandatory policy regarding solutions to poverty. Some of these recommendations include: create poverty-focused foreign assistance programs that focus of poverty reduction and creating government accountability for poverty. In addition, create policies that focus on reform of trade and agricultural policies to help with sustainable development and protect small farmers and business owners. The United Nations needs to provide political and financial support that fuel peacekeeping missions to reduce violence that impoverishes many nations around the world. Lastly, governments need to promote continual peacekeeping efforts to areas that suffer from continual conflict and poverty to promote sustainable development. [11] One of the main solutions to reduce poverty is education and literacy. As illiteracy and education are highly interrelated, people must choose to overcome the illiteracy in the world. As the knowledge increases, the access to employment also increases and use of technology also makes the people more self-sufficient. [12]Education also enables the poor and disadvantaged in society to escape poverty through their own efforts, that is, to counter irreversibility’s and poverty traps. People who attain a higher level of education are much less likely to take part in the working poor, opposed to those who have a lower level of education. [13]Human development is now part of the equation, meaning that education, health, life expectancy, and other indicators of well-being are given greater attention. Focusing on immediate issues and directly on your own domestic problems will diminish poverty across the world and open up possibilities of planning for the  future. In order for the global society to prosper we need to take notice of ideas like investments in agriculture, healthcare, and education. This idea for global development will create an effective change in the long run.[14] Poverty and population growth are very much interrelated. By reducing these two problems improvements can be made in health and the whole well being of society. A goal of the international community as a whole is to improve general health by ensuring sufficient nutrition. [15] In 2004, President Musharraf of Pakistan said that population growth was the main factor retarding economic growth, poverty alleviation, and action on joblessness.† Since the population growth keeps increasing the demands for natural resources keeps rising beyond the means of supporting the current population. According to the article Critical links: Population, Health, and the Environment, ninety-nine percent of world population growth is occurring in less developed countries. This means we need reduce global population growth by creating laws that focus on social policy that will encourage smaller families for less developed impoverished nations that cannot sustain large population growth. This policy will reduce the fertility rate, and help slow the growth of the global populations. For example according to Lester Brown’s article Can We Build A Sustainable Economy, â€Å"Iran, facing both land, hunger and water scarcity, now limits public subsidies for housing, health care, and insurance to three children per family. In Peru, President Alberto Fujimori, who was elected overwhelmingly to his second five-year term in a predominantly Catholic country, said in his inaugural address in August 1995 that he wanted to provide better access to family-planning services for poor women.â₠¬  Being born into poverty is the worst disadvantage that any human can be at. Combating poverty will take a unified effort on the part of all the worlds nations, especially the ones who are at the helm of international affairs. Organizations like the United Nations will have to be at the forefront and lead the way for the others to emulate. Alongside poverty, well also have to focus on the population growth and pool in efforts to stem it. Although the problem of world poverty is a one of biblical proportions, it is not insurmountable, and it too can be tackled. But it would require perhaps the greatest coordinated effort that mankind has ever witnessed in its history. Such a well organized coordinated effort would not be possible if there is a  lack of consciousness on a global level. But the basic problem with human kind is that, they restrict their concern to themselves only, without caring much for those who are the victim of a poorer luck. Even if we start taking care of poverty, then we only care about our won nations, instead of dealing it on a global level. But all of us should remember that poverty is inhuman and is not constricted to any particular nation. Therefore it would be our duty to stop such inhuman treatment of human race and become less selfish so that we can deal with a serious issue like poverty on a global level. Bibliography Hubbard, Howard J. Fighting Poverty to Build Peace. America. 09 Feb. 2009: 11. eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. De Souza, Roger-Mark; Williams, John S; Meyerson, Frederick A B. Critical links: Population, health, and the environment. Population Bulletin. 01 Sep. 2003: 2. eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Kent, Mary M; Haub, Carl. Global Demographic Divide. Population Bulletin. 01 Dec. 2005: 3. eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Lester R. Brown. We Can Build a Sustainable Economy. Futurist 30. (1996) eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Mabogunje, Akin L. Poverty and environmental degradation: Challenges within the global economy. Environment 1(2002):8. eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Saavedra, Jaime; Arias, Omar S. Stuck in a Rut. Finance Development. 01 Dec. 2005: 18. eLibrary. Web. 12 Dec. 2010. Alters, Sandra M. World Poverty. Detroit, MI: Gale, Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. Anderson, Judith. Ending Poverty and Hunger. Mankato, MN: Sea-To-Sea Publications, 2010. Print. Shah, Anup. â€Å"Causes of Poverty.† Global Issues, Updated: 28 Nov. 2010. Accessed: 14 Dec. 2010. 9 Hertel, Shareen. The private side of global governance. Journal of International Affairs. 01 Oct. 2003: 41. eLibrary. Web. 15 Dec. 2010. Shalendra D. Sharma The Promise of Monterrey: Meeting the Millennium Development Goals. World Policy Journal 3(2004):51. eLibrary. Web. 15 Dec. 2010. Lancaster, Carol. The New Face of Development. Current History. 01 Jan. 2008: 36. eLibrary. Web. 15 Dec. 2010.

The extracts from The Power and the Glory and The Pilgrims Progress Essay Example for Free

The extracts from The Power and the Glory and The Pilgrims Progress Essay Discuss the extracts from The Power and the Glory and The Pilgrims Progress The extract from The Power and the Glory is about the priests last night in prison before his execution. Greene writes about how the priest felt like he had accomplished nothing during his life and feels that through death he will still be a nobody. The extract from The Pilgrims Progress is about the end to Christians journey to heaven. When he gets to the gates Christian and his fellow pilgrim were surrounded by heavenly hosts and accepted into the Kingdom of God for eternity. Greene shows the dark and gloomy side to the life of a priest who has no self worth or any belief in his own spirituality. The priest believes in salvation by works, and he does not think he has done anything in the way of good works to earn his salvation. His dream of becoming a saint is not going to happen as he believes that eternal hell is being prepared for him, rather than eternal life in heaven. The priest is a Catholic priest and they believe that they have to earn their salvation, where as in The Pilgrims Progress Christian receives his salvation right at the begging of the book, at the cross. Then from that point he just has to hold onto it by making right choices and battling through everything the devil throws at him. This is a totally different way of seeing things, and also can have two very different results. Greene has written a very deep piece, there is so many religious thoughts and beliefs, so many feelings of grief, and loss, and total failure. He presents a broken man, who knows all to well his sins, I have been drunk I dont know how many times; there isnt a duty I havent neglected; I have been guilty of pride, lack of charity. He also remembers how people had died for him, and he feels guilty that God hadnt thought fit to send them a saint. The way in which Green has expressed the priest feelings is not just through his words, he does it by describing what is happening elsewhere, he sets the scene totally, and it always intensifies the feelings of the priest. He looked through the bars at the hot moony square. He could see police asleep in their hammocks There was an odd silence everywhere, even in the other cells; it was as if the whole world had tactfully turned away to avoid seeing him die. This extract from Graham Greenes The Power and the Glory is very much in context with the rest of the book, the negativity of the priest and his utter hopelessness follows him throughout the story and ends here with his death. The feeling of regret and of failure are two things that come up time and time again through out the book, and Greene continuously brings up many Catholic beliefs and torments. Hr brings to people attention the pressures that the Catholic people have on them to do as much good in their life as possible so as to earn themselves their salvation. Its all about good deeds, and duty. For the priest, all he wants is to be a saint, to be accepted into eternity by the saint already there. He wants to be someone that people could be proud of, to die for a worthy cause, and to know that his death was not the end. That people would not cringe at his name and comment about his drinking, but to recognise that he stayed when others run, he did not give in like Padre Jose, but stayed true to his people. He wants to be worthy of his death. Bunyan has written this ending in a positive way. Which a contrast to the ending in The Power and the Glory which is negative. Christian has finally reached the end of his story, the gates of the city of Heaven. Bunyan is very descriptive about who meets Christian at the gates, Trumpeters, clothed in white and shining Rayment Christian gives his certificate, which he received back at the beginning of his journey, to the people at the Gate. Christian and his fellow pilgrim both enter into the gates, and as they do they are transfigured, and they had Raiment put on that shone like Gold. Then they were given harps, and crowns and the bells of the City started to chime. Bunyan describes the City shone like the sun, the streets also were paved with Gold, and in them walked many men, with Crowns on their heads, Psalms in their hands, and golden Harps to sing praises with. This is the classic description of what heaven will look like. Bunyan also goes on in this extract to talk about Ignorance, who gets turned away from the Gate as he has no certificate with him because he did not start the path from the beginning and did not see the need to. This touches on such a huge reality, Bunyan has picked up on a matter that many people who think they are set for eternal life in heaven will in fact not be ushered in, but left outside. The language in Bunyan has changed a lot over the years since it was written, as he uses words and spellings that have changed and that are no longer used. Also he even uses two different spellings himself of the same word, Rayment and Raiment pronounced the same, but spelt differently, this shows how unstable the spelling was back when Bunyan wrote this book. Compassed is another word not used too often in the English language these days, we tend to say surrounded. Astwere is a spelling that is no longer used, it has no become, as it were, or as it was. Bunyan also uses odd Graphology, as he capitalises words that should not for any particular reason be capitalised, for exapmple, Brother, Gates, Bells. Dream These are words that I think he wanted to put emphasis on, these where things he wanted people to remember, although apart from that they seem rather random. This extract is in context with the rest of the book. Bunyans language and random capitalisation happens throughout the previous pages of the book as much as it does in the two that the extract is from. The way it has been written is the same as how the rest of the book has been written, the meanings the story line, it all leads up to this one all important ending. The final part of Christians story. This is the aim to which every Christian is longing to get, and Bunyan has written it in such a way that would encourage many more Christians to carry on along their walk with God and reach that final heavenly goal. Which is what I think Bunyan wanted to do with this book.

The Ways I Learn English

The Ways I Learn English I was born in a small village outside Kodiang Town. It was a Malay village and most of the villager work as farmer. I was raised up in Malay family and my native language was Malay. My parent work as educator until today, but they had basic knowledge about English because their studies not an English Education. It was a long journey for me to learn English and until this moment I still continue to master this language. Beside English, I also got opportunities to learn Arabic language in a formal education. I also try to learn other foreign language by my own such as Japanese. Even my parents do not talk English at home, but they always encourage and support me to learn English. At the age of four years old my mother always bought many flash card, book with picture, puzzle and colouring book for me. After she getting back from school she will take one of the books and pronounced the word and ask me to repeat it. My mother also uses some English word to teach me about common object that we could found in my house. She will said that is cat, cat, a cat and I will repeated slowly cat. At the age of five years old, my mother had sent me to kindergarten. At there, I started my first formal lesson with English. The teacher teaches us about the letter A to Z, number 1 to 10, spelling and also pronunciations. When I enter primary school by the age of seven years old, I already used few English words in my daily conversation. The common words that I always used with my family and friends is baby, colour, bag, toilet and others. I got very motivated teacher at that time; he always inspired me to talk fluently in English. His name is Mr Zamarul Hisham Bin Kamaruddin. One of his teaching technique is he wanted us to have our own personal dictionaries and each student must bring that dictionaries every day to school. The use of that dictionary is for student to record every single new word that we learn in his classes or from other teacher. I think he did help student a lot in learning this language. During this time my mother also encourages me to read lots. My passion is always on science and technologies and mother know I love science very much. So, she bought me hundreds of English science book during my childhood. Book about fact on animals, plants, car, building and astronomy is among my favorite book at that time. Sometime I does not read at all because science term are difficult to understand for me at that age, but I really love to looking at those picture. Another effort of my mother to make me understand English well is by reading bedtime story books. Each month she will take me to Popular Bookstore to bought one bedtime story book. I always choose story book that have been write by Grid Blyton. The story that he write always have moral value and lesson for children to learn. Every night I spend some time with my mother to read those stories book. I always ask a lot to my mother about each story which such a great curiosity. Beside from reading books and formal lesson in school, another environment which also gives big influence for me to learn English is the exposure to technologies. In early ages, English cartoon program such as Sesame Street, Barney and Friends, Blues Clues and Mickey Mouse and Friends help me to communicate and understand English. Sesame Street encourages me to learn by demonstrating how people use various strategies, such as observing and predicting, to explore the world around me. Watching cartoon in English helps to hone my listening skills and learn how English is actually spoken. In addition through watching television, we learn with our desire and not by force like in classroom. So, I can learn a lot through watching television. I also can learn about general knowledge, science fact and recent news when I watch documentary on National Geographic and Discovery Channel. Another advantage to watching television is the learning of playing with words. English taught in schools can b e very rigid and sometimes the words are straight out of the book. Learning through television though is very good for pronunciation because the learner can actually hear the words spoken as they should be. Another innovation of technologies which help to develop my English skill was computer and mobile phone. As those gadget was invented and it become a trend for everybody to use it, I realized that it also help me to improve my vocabulary in English. All the term used in technologies was an English word and the term like make a call, sending massage, printout, copy and paste and others was widely use after the technologies was invented. I also learn a lot of new vocabulary through playing game on computer. Strategic game such as Red Alert 2, Call of Duty and Modern War used high vocabulary of word to explain the goal of each game. Sometimes I had to open up my dictionaries or seek the certain meaning of words from the internet to understand the task given in the game. If I cannot understand the task or the mission, I cannot compete and win the game. I like to write a narrative essay. This is because narrative or stories is an open essay which I can use my own imagination to write those essays. In public examination such as PMR and SPM, I always choose the narrative essay to answer. My Secondary School teacher, Madam Asliza Binti Zubir always encourages me to develop my fiction writing skill. She gives me a lot of fiction stories for me to get idea and inspiration to write a better first individual essay using my own imagination. My lifes principle for learning language also helps me to improve my English skill. I believe that to master the certain language desire is important for a person to explore and discover the language by himself. It does not need a formal education to learn other language. As long as there are desire and effort, we can learn what ever language we want through any medium of learning. I prove myself by learning Arabic language in school and learning Japanese through anime. I notice that, I easily memorize J apanese words when watching Japanese anime more than all the memorizing activities of Arabic class in school.

A Comparison of Healthcare in Canada and the United States Essay

Canada’s healthcare system started in 1946 and is made up of a group of socialized health insurance plans that provides coverage to all Canadian citizens. It is publicly funded and administered on a provincial or territorial basis with in the rules set by their federal government. Since the late 1960’s Canada essential has had a universal health insurance system covering all services provided by physicians and hospitals. In 1966 Lester B Pearson’s government subsequently expanded a policy of the universal healthcare with the medical care act. Canada’s healthcare system is the subject of political controversy and debate in the country. While healthcare in America began in the late 1800’s but was truly born in 1929 when Justin Kimball introduced low cost healthcare to teachers in Dallas. Healthcare in the US is mostly privately funded but we do have a few publicly funded entities, such as Medicare and Medicaid. By 1971, all Canadians were guaranteed access important medical services regardless of income, employment, or health. Canada has one of the highest life expectancies and he lowest infant mortality rates of industrialized countries, which many attribute to Canada’s health care system. In 1984, the Canada Health Act was passed. This act added provisions that prohibited extra billing and user fees for covered services. To support the ten year plan, the federal government increased health care to the Canada Health Transfer from 2006-2007 until 2013-2014 to provide growth in federal funding. On the other end the United states private for profit insurers based our premiums on age, gender, health status, and pre-existing conditions only covering the healthiest people and avoiding the sickest individuals which in turn e... ... a lot of criticism about the wait times; some have been known to wait in the emergency room for four hours. Although on the other hand, there is an upside to having to wait. By prioritizing the high risk patients verses the lower risk patients, help to eliminate patient mortality rates. The government has since stepped in to help alleviate the long wait times. Unfortunately, the wait times on average are just as bad, if not worse here in the states, with one important difference. In Canada no one gets turned away, while in the states, if you do not have the proper documentation according to your plan, you may end up waiting double the amount of time. Works Cited †¢ G.G. Frasier, â€Å"An Audit of Surgical Waiting List,† New Zealand Medical Journal (1991) †¢ www.snopes.com †¢ www.canadianhealthcare.org †¢ www.hc-sc.ca †¢ www.huffingtonpost.com

Writing an Essay :: Writing an Essay

How to Write an Excellent Essay Excellent essays get results. A well-written essay can earn you a scholarship or entrance into your favorite college. Many essays win contests and prizes and encourage others to live better lives. Well written essays turn the hearts of the people. Early America was motivated to fight for freedom from England because of the writings of Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson. Your well-written essays might be printed in newspapers and make a positive impact in the lives of others. You can change cold hearts and encourage fellow believers by your written words. To write a good essay, one must have a particular point to make. A well-written essay includes an interesting point to ponder in the introduction, an assortment of solid facts to emphasize the point in the body, and a strong summation in the conclusion. If you are writing for a contest or scholarship, then the topic suggestions may be given to you. If you are practicing writing essays and you cannot come up with a topic, try writing emotional statements. Here are some ideas: I hate abortion! Income tax is against the Constitution! There is NO speparation of church and state in the Bill of Rights! Israel has the right to defend itself from terrorism.... etc. Start your essay with a grabber statement, quote or question. Be sure that you hook your reader’s attention. Expound on your opinion or your concern with a few sentences explaining your point of view. The next part of your essay needs to have clean clear facts to back up your powerful point. Here is where you can quote other people. A good essay does not always have to be only about your own opinion. You will be more effective if you integrate other’s opinions or facts and data to back up your point of view. Try to give a few facts with a sentence or two to explain each fact with clear supporting points. Be sure to use good connecting phrases to connect your facts. For example, begin with your main point and why you are concerned. * Excellent Essays Get Results The need to write excellent essays is more important today than ever. Well-written essays can earn scholarships, change hearts and open doors once closed by bigotry and prejudice. Then start explaining your position by writing clear exact facts or well documented solutions to the problem.

Arthur Koestlers Darkness At Noon :: essays research papers

Arthur Koestler: ‘Darkness at Noon’ Revolutionary and political ethics ‘Darkness at Noon’ is the second novel of a trilogy, which revolves around the central theme of revolutionary ethics, and of political ethics in general: the problem whether, or to what extent, a noble ends justifies ignoble means, and the related conflict between morality and expediency. The theme of the novel relates to the ever-present predicament faced by the leaders of any political party or revolutionary movement, from the slave revolt in the first century to the Old Bolsheviks of the nineteen thirties. Revolutionary ethics or the issues faced in revolutionary movements are timeless, and as an incentive to writing his novel, Arthur Koestler was troubled by this theory, and also by the regime of terror that was governed by Stalin this century. This issue of whether a noble end justifies ignoble means is the revolutionary predicament that Koestler refers to, and was the question that he aspired to resolve. From the sixth hour until the ninth hour darkness came over all the land. About the ninth hour Jesus cried out in a loud voice, ‘Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?’ – which means, “My God, My God, why have you forsaken me?’ (Matthew 27:45-46) Darkness at Noon is a fictional account of the truth behind the Stalinist State at the close of the infamous Moscow Show Trials in 1938, where forty-eight of the fifty-four on the executive of the Communist Party were dead. All members of the party knew that Lenin and Trotsky had been the real leaders of the Revolution and consequently they did not accept Stalin as the successor to Lenin. So accordingly, as Stalin was aware of the aspirations against him, as he consolidated power it became more dangerous to have known Lenin. The result of this was that over 70% of the Seventeenth Party Congress, which was held in 1934, had been arrested and executed; in Stalin’s opinion, these people had outlived their usefulness. Through the thoughts and actions of the main character, Nicolas Salmanovitch Rubashov, an Old Bolshevik, the Soviet politics between 1917 and the Stalin era were outlined. The party’s transformation disturbed Rubashov, as a member of the party, but he did not wish to be expelled, so he continued to work with the Party against his conscious. Rubashov did everything that was asked of him, and therefore in essence he was a loyal Party member.

Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction

|| || Data Tables: Step 3: Show the calculation of the needed amount of Na2CO3 Convert 1. 0g of CaCl2-. 2H2O to moles of CaCl2-. 2H2O 1. 0g x 1 mole CaCl2-. 2H2O 147. 0 g CaCl2-. 2H2O = 0. 00680 moles CaCl2-. 2H2O The mole ratio is 1:1 Hence if we have 0. 00680 moles of CaCl2-. 2H2O we will as well need 0. 00680 moles of Na-2CO3 Convert moles of Na-2CO3 to grams of Na2CO3 = 0. 00680 moles Na-2CO3 x 105. 99g Na-2CO3 1 mole Na-2CO3 = 0. 72g This means that we need 0. 72g of Na-2CO3 to fully react with 1g of CaCl2-. H2O Step 4: Mass of weighing dish_0. 7___g Mass of weighing dish and Na2CO3__1. 4__g Net mass of the Na2CO3 __0. 7__g Step 6: Mass of filter paper __0. 7__g Step 10: Mass of filter paper and dry calcium carbonate__1. 2__g Net mass of the dry calcium carbonate_0. 5___g (This is the actual yield) Step 11: Show the calculation of the theoretical yield of calcium carbonate. The mole ration between CaCl2-. 2H2O and CaCO3 is 1:1 that means that if we have 0. 00680 moles of CaCl2-. 2H2O we will get 0. 00680 moles CaCO3Convert the moles of CaCO3 to grams of CaCO3 = 0. 00680 moles CaCO3 x 100 g CaCO3 1 mole CaCO3 = 0. 68g CaCO3 Show the calculation of the percent yield. = Actual yield/Theoretical yield x 100 = 0. 5/0. 68 x 100 = 73. 5% Conclusion: The objective of the experiment is to predict the amount of product produced in a precipitation reaction using stoichiometry. Secondly, the experiment accurately measures the reactants and products of a reaction. Also, the experiment is to determine actual yield vs. theoretical yield and to calculate the percent yield.For example in this experiment, we were able to predict that we need 0. 72g of Na-2CO3 to fully react with 1g of CaCl2-. 2H2O. Another example is that, we calculate the amount of theoretical yield of Calcium Carbonate to be 0. 68g and the percentage yield to be 73. 5%. The scientific principles involved here was that when two or more soluble substances in separate solutions are mixed together to form an insoluble compound they settles of a combined solution as a solid. The solid insoluble compound is called a precipitate.For example in this experiment, we combined sodium carbonate and calcium chloride dehydrates to produce a precipitate of calcium carbonate. The formula mathematically is Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2. 2H2– = CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O. Sources of Error and ways to minimize them: There may still be some solid particles in the beaker thereby we will not be able to get the correct mass (quantity) of the Calcium Carbonate. To minimize the error we should use an instrument that can be able to scoop out the entire solid from the beaker.Also if the water in the Calcium Carbonate is not properly dried, the net mass of the Calcium Carbonate can be extremely high. To solve this we must make sure the Calcium Carbonate is well dried. Error of approximation: the molar mass if not well approximated, can lead to an error in the calculation. To minimize this error the instruction sho uld indicate how many decimal point or how significant figure to approximate to. I am highly impressed with the experiment.